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阅读第147套第1篇Accounting for the High Density of Planet Mercury
Accounting for the High Density of Planet Mercury
Venus, Earth, and Mars are all thought to have formed from similar materials. Their iron cores take up similar fractions of the planets, and their silicate mantles- -the mantle is the layer of material between a planet’s central core and its outer crust- -melt to produce similar kinds of volcanic rocks. By contrast, Mercury, the smallest and closest to the Sun of the four inner, or terrestrial, planets, may have been formed from a different bulk composition, or it may have formed under different conditions than the other terrestrial planets. The planet has a huge iron core, indicating either that the planet contains at least twice the iron content of the other terrestrial planets or that virtually all the iron from the bulk composition was pulled into its core, leaving its mantle almost iron-free. At the same time, the planet shows no recent volcanic activity, and so, unlike Venus, Earth, and Mars, its interior can be assumed to be stationary. The lack of volcanic activity is usually taken to mean that the planet has largely finished losing its internal heat. Mercury, however, has a small magnetic field. Magnetic fields are generally accepted to be caused by fluid movements in the mantle caused by heat loss. Somehow Mercury has created a balance that allows the generation of a magnetic field in the absence of mantle movements.
Mercury’s average density is 341 pounds per cubic foot, just less than the densest planet, Earth, at 347 pounds per cubic foot. The planet’s high density was first discovered by measuring the surprising acceleration of the Mariner mission toward Mercury in the grip of the planet’s strangely strong gravity field. Earth is a much larger planet, and so its interior pressure is much higher, pressing the material into much denser forms. With the effects of pressure taken away, Mercury’s density is actually much higher than Earth’s, and it is therefore the densest planet in the solar system. The high density of the planet is thought to imply that it contains a lot of iron-more, by proportion, than any other planet. Lorn is the most common dense inner solar system element, and it is likely to be responsible for high density in Mercury. If Mercury’s extra density is due to iron content, then Mercury has a core that is 60 percent or more by mass, the largest core relative to planetary radius of any planet in the solar system. Mercury’s core is probably 1,120 to 1,180 miles in radius, nearly 75 percent of the planet’s diameter. This is at least twice the metal content of Venus, Earth, or Mars.
Current models for planetary formation suggest that any terrestrial planet should form with a large percentage of silicates, which would make up a thick mantle above the core, as they do on Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury may have lost most of its silicate mantle in some catastrophic event after its early formation. The simplest candidate for this event is a giant impact. If a large body struck Mercury more or less directly, then its iron would combine with Mercury’s into an unusually large core, and much of Mercury’s silicate mantle could have been lost to space. The impacting body may also have been made predominantly of metal, like an iron meteorite. In this scenario, the metal meteorite would combine with the early, small pro to Mercury, creating a planet with an unusually large iron core. Alternatively, the silicate mantle could have been removed by vaporization in a burst of heat from the early Sun. A third possibility is that there may have been strong compositional variation in the early solar system and that in fact Mercury formed with the iron-rich composition it now seems to possess. Finally, Mercury could have differentiated in a particularly oxygen-poor environment. Without oxygen, iron will preferentially form a metal and sink into the core rather than forming iron oxide and combining into silicate mantle materials. In this scenario, Mercury could have started with the same bulk composition and ended with its current structure without having endured a giant impact.
1.Venus, Earth, and Mars are all thought to have formed from similar materials. Their iron cores take up similar fractions of the planets, and their silicate mantles- -the mantle is the layer of material between a planet’s central core and its outer crust- -melt to produce similar kinds of volcanic rocks. By contrast, Mercury, the smallest and closest to the Sun of the four inner, or terrestrial, planets, may have been formed from a different bulk composition, or it may have formed under different conditions than the other terrestrial planets. The planet has a huge iron core, indicating either that the planet contains at least twice the iron content of the other terrestrial planets or that virtually all the iron from the bulk composition was pulled into its core, leaving its mantle almost iron-free. At the same time, the planet shows no recent volcanic activity, and so, unlike Venus, Earth, and Mars, its interior can be assumed to be stationary. The lack of volcanic activity is usually taken to mean that the planet has largely finished losing its internal heat. Mercury, however, has a small magnetic field. Magnetic fields are generally accepted to be caused by fluid movements in the mantle caused by heat loss. Somehow Mercury has created a balance that allows the generation of a magnetic field in the absence of mantle movements.
The word “generation” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Vocabulary Questions词汇题
Aproduction
Bpossibility
Coperation
Dpresence
2.
Venus, Earth, and Mars are all thought to have formed from similar materials. Their iron cores take up similar fractions of the planets, and their silicate mantles- -the mantle is the layer of material between a planet’s central core and its outer crust- -melt to produce similar kinds of volcanic rocks. By contrast, Mercury, the smallest and closest to the Sun of the four inner, or terrestrial, planets, may have been formed from a different bulk composition, or it may have formed under different conditions than the other terrestrial planets. The planet has a huge iron core, indicating either that the planet contains at least twice the iron content of the other terrestrial planets or that virtually all the iron from the bulk composition was pulled into its core, leaving its mantle almost iron-free. At the same time, the planet shows no recent volcanic activity, and so, unlike Venus, Earth, and Mars, its interior can be assumed to be stationary. The lack of volcanic activity is usually taken to mean that the planet has largely finished losing its internal heat. Mercury, however, has a small magnetic field. Magnetic fields are generally accepted to be caused by fluid movements in the mantle caused by heat loss. Somehow Mercury has created a balance that allows the generation of a magnetic field in the absence of mantle movements.
Paragraph 1 supports which of the following inferences about Venus,Earth,and Mars?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
ATheir mantles are almost iron-free.
BTheir magnetic fields are increasing over time.
CTheir mantles are fluid, and they continue to lose heat.
DThey formed under widely varying conditions.
3.
Venus, Earth, and Mars are all thought to have formed from similar materials. Their iron cores take up similar fractions of the planets, and their silicate mantles- -the mantle is the layer of material between a planet’s central core and its outer crust- -melt to produce similar kinds of volcanic rocks. By contrast, Mercury, the smallest and closest to the Sun of the four inner, or terrestrial, planets, may have been formed from a different bulk composition, or it may have formed under different conditions than the other terrestrial planets. The planet has a huge iron core, indicating either that the planet contains at least twice the iron content of the other terrestrial planets or that virtually all the iron from the bulk composition was pulled into its core, leaving its mantle almost iron-free. At the same time, the planet shows no recent volcanic activity, and so, unlike Venus, Earth, and Mars, its interior can be assumed to be stationary. The lack of volcanic activity is usually taken to mean that the planet has largely finished losing its internal heat. Mercury, however, has a small magnetic field. Magnetic fields are generally accepted to be caused by fluid movements in the mantle caused by heat loss. Somehow Mercury has created a balance that allows the generation of a magnetic field in the absence of mantle movements.
Paragraph 1 suggests that scientists tend to assume which of the following about planets’ internal heat?
Inference Questions推理题
AIts intensity depends on the planets’ distance from the Sun.
BIt is produced by the planets’ magnetic fields.
CIt is produced by the pulling of iron toward planetary cores.
DIts loss results from volcanic activity.
4.
Venus, Earth, and Mars are all thought to have formed from similar materials. Their iron cores take up similar fractions of the planets, and their silicate mantles- -the mantle is the layer of material between a planet’s central core and its outer crust- -melt to produce similar kinds of volcanic rocks. By contrast, Mercury, the smallest and closest to the Sun of the four inner, or terrestrial, planets, may have been formed from a different bulk composition, or it may have formed under different conditions than the other terrestrial planets. The planet has a huge iron core, indicating either that the planet contains at least twice the iron content of the other terrestrial planets or that virtually all the iron from the bulk composition was pulled into its core, leaving its mantle almost iron-free. At the same time, the planet shows no recent volcanic activity, and so, unlike Venus, Earth, and Mars, its interior can be assumed to be stationary. The lack of volcanic activity is usually taken to mean that the planet has largely finished losing its internal heat. Mercury, however, has a small magnetic field. Magnetic fields are generally accepted to be caused by fluid movements in the mantle caused by heat loss. Somehow Mercury has created a balance that allows the generation of a magnetic field in the absence of mantle movements.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is unexpected give nthe lack of recent volcanic activity on Mercury?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AMercury has largely finished losing its internal heat.
BMercury’s mantle is almost iron-free.
CMercury has a magnetic field.
DThere is no movement in Mercury’s silicate mantle.
5.
Mercury’s average density is 341 pounds per cubic foot, just less than the densest planet, Earth, at 347 pounds per cubic foot. The planet’s high density was first discovered by measuring the surprising acceleration of the Mariner mission toward Mercury in the grip of the planet’s strangely strong gravity field. Earth is a much larger planet, and so its interior pressure is much higher, pressing the material into much denser forms. With the effects of pressure taken away, Mercury’s density is actually much higher than Earth’s, and it is therefore the densest planet in the solar system. The high density of the planet is thought to imply that it contains a lot of iron-more, by proportion, than any other planet. Lorn is the most common dense inner solar system element, and it is likely to be responsible for high density in Mercury. If Mercury’s extra density is due to iron content, then Mercury has a core that is 60 percent or more by mass, the largest core relative to planetary radius of any planet in the solar system. Mercury’s core is probably 1,120 to 1,180 miles in radius, nearly 75 percent of the planet’s diameter. This is at least twice the metal content of Venus, Earth, or Mars.
Why does the author provide the information that “Earth is a much larger planet” than Mercury?
Rhetorical Purpose Questions修辞目的题
ATo challenge the claim that Mercury has a strong gravity field
BTo support the idea that Mercury is denser than Earth if the effects of pressure are excluded
CTo illustrate the effects of Mercury’s high interior pressure
DTo identify one reason why Earth’s gravity field is stronger than Mercury’s
6.Mercury’s average density is 341 pounds per cubic foot, just less than the densest planet, Earth, at 347 pounds per cubic foot. The planet’s high density was first discovered by measuring the surprising acceleration of the Mariner mission toward Mercury in the grip of the planet’s strangely strong gravity field. Earth is a much larger planet, and so its interior pressure is much higher, pressing the material into much denser forms. With the effects of pressure taken away, Mercury’s density is actually much higher than Earth’s, and it is therefore the densest planet in the solar system. The high density of the planet is thought to imply that it contains a lot of iron-more, by proportion, than any other planet. Lorn is the most common dense inner solar system element, and it is likely to be responsible for high density in Mercury. If Mercury’s extra density is due to iron content, then Mercury has a core that is 60 percent or more by mass, the largest core relative to planetary radius of any planet in the solar system. Mercury’s core is probably 1,120 to 1,180 miles in radius, nearly 75 percent of the planet’s diameter. This is at least twice the metal content of Venus, Earth, or Mars.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following led scientists to draw conclusions about the iron content of Mercury’s core?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
ANew methods for measuring the core’s radius
BThe discovery that Mercury’s core has low interior pressure
CThe surprising strength of Mercury’s gravity field
Dvisual evidence obtained by the Mariner mission of iron on Mercury’s surface
7.Current models for planetary formation suggest that any terrestrial planet should form with a large percentage of silicates, which would make up a thick mantle above the core, as they do on Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury may have lost most of its silicate mantle in some catastrophic event after its early formation. The simplest candidate for this event is a giant impact. If a large body struck Mercury more or less directly, then its iron would combine with Mercury’s into an unusually large core, and much of Mercury’s silicate mantle could have been lost to space. The impacting body may also have been made predominantly of metal, like an iron meteorite. In this scenario, the metal meteorite would combine with the early, small pro to Mercury, creating a planet with an unusually large iron core. Alternatively, the silicate mantle could have been removed by vaporization in a burst of heat from the early Sun. A third possibility is that there may have been strong compositional variation in the early solar system and that in fact Mercury formed with the iron-rich composition it now seems to possess. Finally, Mercury could have differentiated in a particularly oxygen-poor environment. Without oxygen, iron will preferentially form a metal and sink into the core rather than forming iron oxide and combining into silicate mantle materials. In this scenario, Mercury could have started with the same bulk composition and ended with its current structure without having endured a giant impact.
The word “particularly” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Vocabulary Questions词汇题
Arelatively
Bincreasingly
Cespecially
Dsuddenly
8.Current models for planetary formation suggest that any terrestrial planet should form with a large percentage of silicates, which would make up a thick mantle above the core, as they do on Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury may have lost most of its silicate mantle in some catastrophic event after its early formation. The simplest candidate for this event is a giant impact. If a large body struck Mercury more or less directly, then its iron would combine with Mercury’s into an unusually large core, and much of Mercury’s silicate mantle could have been lost to space. The impacting body may also have been made predominantly of metal, like an iron meteorite. In this scenario, the metal meteorite would combine with the early, small pro to Mercury, creating a planet with an unusually large iron core. Alternatively, the silicate mantle could have been removed by vaporization in a burst of heat from the early Sun. A third possibility is that there may have been strong compositional variation in the early solar system and that in fact Mercury formed with the iron-rich composition it now seems to possess. Finally, Mercury could have differentiated in a particularly oxygen-poor environment. Without oxygen, iron will preferentially form a metal and sink into the core rather than forming iron oxide and combining into silicate mantle materials. In this scenario, Mercury could have started with the same bulk composition and ended with its current structure without having endured a giant impact.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as a possible explanation for the thinness of Mercury’s silicon mantle?
Negative Factual Information Questions否定事实信息题
AA foreign object collided with Mercury, adding iron and removing much of the mantle.
BHeat from the sun caused the removal of Mercury’s mantle.
CMercury was rich in iron when it formed, and it had a thin mantle from the start.
DA violent impact created an oxygen-poor environment, removing iron from the mantle.
9.
Current models for planetary formation suggest that any terrestrial planet should form with a large percentage of silicates, which would make up a thick mantle above the core, as they do on Venus, Earth, and Mars. ⬛ Mercury may have lost most of its silicate mantle in some catastrophic event after its early formation. ⬛ The simplest candidate for this event is a giant impact. ⬛ If a large body struck Mercury more or less directly, then its iron would combine with Mercury’s into an unusually large core, and much of Mercury’s silicate mantle could have been lost to space. ⬛ The impacting body may also have been made predominantly of metal, like an iron meteorite. In this scenario, the metal meteorite would combine with the early, small pro to Mercury, creating a planet with an unusually large iron core. Alternatively, the silicate mantle could have been removed by vaporization in a burst of heat from the early Sun. A third possibility is that there may have been strong compositional variation in the early solar system and that in fact Mercury formed with the iron-rich composition it now seems to possess. Finally, Mercury could have differentiated in a particularly oxygen-poor environment. Without oxygen, iron will preferentially form a metal and sink into the core rather than forming iron oxide and combining into silicate mantle materials. In this scenario, Mercury could have started with the same bulk composition and ended with its current structure without having endured a giant impact.
Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
But why is Mercury different?Insert Text Questions句子插入题
Where would the sentence best fit？Click on a square sentence to the passage.
10.
Mercury is the smallest of the terrestrial planets and the planet closest to the Sun.
Prose Summary Questions概要小结题
Select 3 answers
AWhereas Venus,Earth, and Mars are similar in composition and in the relative sizes of their cores and mantles, Mercury is different in each of those respects.
BMercury has a lower interior pressure than can be fully explained by current scientific models, although it may be due in part to the planet’s weak gravity field.
CScientific knowledge of terrestrial planetary formation suggests that Mercury either formed under rather unusual conditions or has since been changed by a dramatic event.
DThe presence of a magnetic field around Mercury indicates that the planet has a very large core and that its mantle contains more iron than was previously known.
EMercury’s relatively high iron content is suggested by the fact that it has a high average density in spite of its low interior pressure.
FMercury’s exceptionally iron-rich composition and its small percentage of silicates in comparison with the other terrestrial planets indicate that it never fully differentiated.
阅读第147套第2篇Polar Dinosaurs
Polar Dinosaurs
Once there was an idea that dinosaurs were cold-blooded and only thrived in the swamps and wetlands of tropical climes. But the more we look, the more we realize dinosaurs were found in as many different kinds of habitats as birds and mammals are today. Polar dinosaurs, probably warm-blooded and feathery, were thriving roughly 70- -100 million years ago in great polar forests, of which there is no modem equivalent. Fossils of such dinosaurs have been discovered in Siberia, specifically at the Kakanaut River on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The dinosaur remains found here over the years are mostly teeth, but also include some bones, and they reveal the presence of a variety of species. All of these remains are from the very end of the Cretaceous, 66- 68 million years ago, just before the mass extinction event that saw the extinction of the non-bird dinosaurs. “The material was fragmentary but showed that the Arctic dinosaurs were very diverse,” says Pascal Godefroit, an expert on early birds and birdlike dinosaurs who has been involved in the work at the Kakanaut River.
The Kakanaut finds have been important in understanding the end-Cretaceous extinction event. This is in part because Kakanaut was within the Arctic Circle and just 1 ,600 kilometers from the North Pole at that time. Conditions then were warmer than today, but mean annual temperatures were still around 10 degrees Celsius, and there would have been frequent spells below freezing and many months of darkness. Dinosaur fossils found farther east across the Bering Sea in Alaska were left by creatures that endured similar climatic conditions, but some experts have argued that they migrated south in the winter, en masse, to avoid the coldest months. At Kakanaut, researchers found fragments of eggshell from hadrosaur and theropod dinosaurs, which suggested that these animals were breeding in polar regions and living there year-round.
Many scientists argue that the dinosaurs went extinct as a result of Earth’s collision with a massive asteroid or comet about 66 million years ago that created the Chicxulub Crater on Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula. Other scientists have claimed that falling global temperatures had led to a decline in dinosaurs around the world in the period before the impact (collision). However, the rich fauna (animal life) found by Godefroit and his colleagues suggests that not only had a diverse ecosystem of dinosaurs persisted in the Arctic in the L ate Cretaceous, but also that they were thriving in very cold conditions. The herbivores here must have fed on plants, such as conifers, that remained green year-round and also taken advantage during summer months of a profusion of nutritious fresh growth thrown out by plants bathing in light 24 hours a day.
“For the first time we have firm evidence that these polar dinosaurs were able to reproduce and live in these relatively cold regions. There is no way of knowing for sure, but dinosaurs were probably warm- blooded just like modem birds, which are the direct descendants of dinosaurs,” Godefroit told reporters when his findings were published in the German journal Naturwissenschaften in 2009. “The dinosaurs were incredibly diverse in polar regions- as diverse as they were in tropical regions. It was a big surprise for us.”
Rather than dinosaurs slowly dying out due to climate change in the period before the impact, Godefroit believes that the discovery backs up the idea that dinosaurs were killed off in a rapid and brutal fashion by cataclysmic conditions that swept the world following the Chicxulub impact. Debris in the atmosphere may have blackened the skies for several years, killing off plants and destroying the food supply- -particularly as large herbivores (plant eaters), such as sauropod dinosaurs, required vast quantities of plant matter to fuel their massive bulk. Starved for meat, the flesh eaters would eventually have succumbed too, as herbivores disappeared.
It is likely that a combination of factors led to the demise of the non-bird dinosaurs, but the precise explanation remains a fascinating and enduring mystery. It had been thought that Siberia had a paucity of fossils in comparison to its southern neighbors Mongolia and China, but the recent discoveries suggest this may not be true.
1.Once there was an idea that dinosaurs were cold-blooded and only thrived in the swamps and wetlands of tropical climes. But the more we look, the more we realize dinosaurs were found in as many different kinds of habitats as birds and mammals are today. Polar dinosaurs, probably warm-blooded and feathery, were thriving roughly 70- -100 million years ago in great polar forests, of which there is no modem equivalent. Fossils of such dinosaurs have been discovered in Siberia, specifically at the Kakanaut River on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The dinosaur remains found here over the years are mostly teeth, but also include some bones, and they reveal the presence of a variety of species. All of these remains are from the very end of the Cretaceous, 66- 68 million years ago, just before the mass extinction event that saw the extinction of the non-bird dinosaurs. “The material was fragmentary but showed that the Arctic dinosaurs were very diverse,” says Pascal Godefroit, an expert on early birds and birdlike dinosaurs who has been involved in the work at the Kakanaut River.
Paragraph 1 indicates which of the following about the habitats of dinosaurs?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AThey were especially suitable for cold-blooded animals.
BThey were as varied as the habitats of today’s animals.
CThey consisted primarily of polar forests, which cannot be found today.
DThey lacked the wetlands and swamps of today’s tropical climes.
2.Once there was an idea that dinosaurs were cold-blooded and only thrived in the swamps and wetlands of tropical climes. But the more we look, the more we realize dinosaurs were found in as many different kinds of habitats as birds and mammals are today. Polar dinosaurs, probably warm-blooded and feathery, were thriving roughly 70- -100 million years ago in great polar forests, of which there is no modem equivalent. Fossils of such dinosaurs have been discovered in Siberia, specifically at the Kakanaut River on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The dinosaur remains found here over the years are mostly teeth, but also include some bones, and they reveal the presence of a variety of species. All of these remains are from the very end of the Cretaceous, 66- 68 million years ago, just before the mass extinction event that saw the extinction of the non-bird dinosaurs. “The material was fragmentary but showed that the Arctic dinosaurs were very diverse,” says Pascal Godefroit, an expert on early birds and birdlike dinosaurs who has been involved in the work at the Kakanaut River.
According to paragraph 1,the discoveries at the Kakanaut River site indicate that
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
Abirdlike dinosaurs evolved around 66-68 million years ago
Bdinosaurs had more teeth and stronger bones than was once thought
Cbefore becoming extinct, dinosaurs existed in great diversity in Arctic regions
Da mass extinction event occurred later than was once thought
3.Once there was an idea that dinosaurs were cold-blooded and only thrived in the swamps and wetlands of tropical climes. But the more we look, the more we realize dinosaurs were found in as many different kinds of habitats as birds and mammals are today. Polar dinosaurs, probably warm-blooded and feathery, were thriving roughly 70- -100 million years ago in great polar forests, of which there is no modem equivalent. Fossils of such dinosaurs have been discovered in Siberia, specifically at the Kakanaut River on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The dinosaur remains found here over the years are mostly teeth, but also include some bones, and they reveal the presence of a variety of species. All of these remains are from the very end of the Cretaceous, 66- 68 million years ago, just before the mass extinction event that saw the extinction of the non-bird dinosaurs. “The material was fragmentary but showed that the Arctic dinosaurs were very diverse,” says Pascal Godefroit, an expert on early birds and birdlike dinosaurs who has been involved in the work at the Kakanaut River.
Which of the following can be inferred about the dinosaur fossils mentioned in paragraph 1 ?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AThey belonged to a number of different periods within the Cretaceous.
BThey were transported along the Kakanaut River from faraway polar forests.
CThey consisted mostly of disconnected and relatively small parts of animals.
DThey included more remains of birdlike dinosaurs than they did of non-bird dinosaurs.
4.The Kakanaut finds have been important in understanding the end-Cretaceous extinction event. This is in part because Kakanaut was within the Arctic Circle and just 1 ,600 kilometers from the North Pole at that time. Conditions then were warmer than today, but mean annual temperatures were still around 10 degrees Celsius, and there would have been frequent spells below freezing and many months of darkness. Dinosaur fossils found farther east across the Bering Sea in Alaska were left by creatures that endured similar climatic conditions, but some experts have argued that they migrated south in the winter, en masse, to avoid the coldest months. At Kakanaut, researchers found fragments of eggshell from hadrosaur and theropod dinosaurs, which suggested that these animals were breeding in polar regions and living there year-round.
Why does the author provide the information that researchers at Kakanaut found “fragments of eggshell from hadrosaur and theropod dinosaurs”?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
ATo argue against the idea that dinosaurs migrated south to avoid the cold
BTo emphasize that Alaska was warmer than it is today
CTo provide evidence that a mass extinction event took place at the end of the Cretaceous
DTo suggest that climatic conditions could have contributed to the extinction of dinosaurs within the Arctic Circle
5.The Kakanaut finds have been important in understanding the end-Cretaceous extinction event. This is in part because Kakanaut was within the Arctic Circle and just 1 ,600 kilometers from the North Pole at that time. Conditions then were warmer than today, but mean annual temperatures were still around 10 degrees Celsius, and there would have been frequent spells below freezing and many months of darkness. Dinosaur fossils found farther east across the Bering Sea in Alaska were left by creatures that endured similar climatic conditions, but some experts have argued that they migrated south in the winter, en masse, to avoid the coldest months. At Kakanaut, researchers found fragments of eggshell from hadrosaur and theropod dinosaurs, which suggested that these animals were breeding in polar regions and living there year-round.
According to paragraph 2, all of the following were true of Kakanaut at the end of the Cretaceous EXCEPT:
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AIt was located quite close to the North Pole.
BAs compared to the present, conditions there were warmer by about 10 degrees Celsius.
CPeriods of below-freezing temperatures often occurred there.
DThe climate there was similar to Alaska’s climate during the same period.
6.Many scientists argue that the dinosaurs went extinct as a result of Earth’s collision with a massive asteroid or comet about 66 million years ago that created the Chicxulub Crater on Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula. Other scientists have claimed that falling global temperatures had led to a decline in dinosaurs around the world in the period before the impact (collision). However, the rich fauna (animal life) found by Godefroit and his colleagues suggests that not only had a diverse ecosystem of dinosaurs persisted in the Arctic in the L ate Cretaceous, but also that they were thriving in very cold conditions. The herbivores here must have fed on plants, such as conifers, that remained green year-round and also taken advantage during summer months of a profusion of nutritious fresh growth thrown out by plants bathing in light 24 hours a day.
According to paragraph 3, which of the following was one reason dinosaurs could thrive in the Arctic during the late Cretaceous?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AChanges in global temperatures following the impact of a massive asteroid or comet in Mexico
BA diversity of animal life to feed on
CThe availability of year-round plants and seasonal fresh green growth
DThe possibility for dinosaurs to bathe in light 24 hours a day at certain times of the year
7.“For the first time we have firm evidence that these polar dinosaurs were able to reproduce and live in these relatively cold regions. There is no way of knowing for sure, but dinosaurs were probably warm- blooded just like modem birds, which are the direct descendants of dinosaurs,” Godefroit told reporters when his findings were published in the German journal Naturwissenschaften in 2009. “The dinosaurs were incredibly diverse in polar regions- as diverse as they were in tropical regions. It was a big surprise for us.”
Rather than dinosaurs slowly dying out due to climate change in the period before the impact, Godefroit believes that the discovery backs up the idea that dinosaurs were killed off in a rapid and brutal fashion by cataclysmic conditions that swept the world following the Chicxulub impact. Debris in the atmosphere may have blackened the skies for several years, killing off plants and destroying the food supply- -particularly as large herbivores (plant eaters), such as sauropod dinosaurs, required vast quantities of plant matter to fuel their massive bulk. Starved for meat, the flesh eaters would eventually have succumbed too, as herbivores disappeared.
According to paragraphs 4 and 5, Godefroit’s statements about his research findings indicate all of the following EXCEPT:
Negative Factual Information Questions否定事实信息题
AWarm-blooded and cold-blooded dinosaurs existed in similar numbers across regions.
BAn important similarity probably exists between dinosaurs and modern birds.
CThe findings were unexpected to the researchers themselves.
DDinosaurs likely died off quickly after cataclysmic events.
8.It is likely that a combination of factors led to the demise of the non-bird dinosaurs, but the precise explanation remains a fascinating and enduring mystery. It had been thought that Siberia had a paucity of fossils in comparison to its southern neighbors Mongolia and China, but the recent discoveries suggest this may not be true.
The word”enduring” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Vocabulary Questions词汇题
Acontinuing
Bcomplicated
Cchallenging
Dconfusing
9.
Rather than dinosaurs slowly dying out due to climate change in the period before the impact, Godefroit believes that the discovery backs up the idea that dinosaurs were killed off in a rapid and brutal fashion by cataclysmic conditions that swept the world following the Chicxulub impact. ⬛ Debris in the atmosphere may have blackened the skies for several years, killing off plants and destroying the food supply- -particularly as large herbivores (plant eaters), such as sauropod dinosaurs, required vast quantities of plant matter to fuel their massive bulk. ⬛ Starved for meat, the flesh eaters would eventually have succumbed too, as herbivores disappeared.
⬛ It is likely that a combination of factors led to the demise of the non-bird dinosaurs, but the precise explanation remains a fascinating and enduring mystery. ⬛ It had been thought that Siberia had a paucity of fossils in comparison to its southern neighbors Mongolia and China, but the recent discoveries suggest this may not be true.
Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
In any case, the research by Godefroit and his team has challenged some long-held assumptions.Insert Text Questions句子插入题
Where would the sentence best fit？Click on a square sentence to the passage.
10.
Dinosaurs used to be present in Siberia and Alaska.
Prose Summary Questions概要小结题
Select 3 answers
AContrary to what was once thought, polar dinosaurs were probably warm-blooded and thrived in polar forests,where they were as diverse as in tropical regions.
BEarth was hit by a large object about 66 million years ago,and the debris from the impact may have made the sky black,killing off plants and animals.
CA German journal,Naturwissenschaften,first published findings that established and confirmed for scientists that modern birds are the direct descendants of polar dinosaurs.
DThe Kamchatka Peninsula in Siberia near the Kakanaut River was the site of research that established the structure of the bones and teeth of non-bird dinosaurs that lived in the region.
EEvidence that dinosaurs were able to live in cold climates supports the idea that their extinction was caused by the effects of a massive collision rather than by falling global temperatures.
FDiscoveries from Mongolia and China, where even more dinosaur fossils were found,confirmed the findings from Siberia and provided a basis for comparing fossils from each region.
听力第147套 （mk 073）
MK073
听力音频：
1
Why does the student go to see the professor?
ATo find out all the requirements for a project
BTo discuss a service gap at a restaurant
CTo get help understanding concepts relevant to his project
DTo get help with designing a business plan
2
Why does the professor mention a student in another class?
ATo describe an interesting topic for a project
BTo explain the cause of her initial confusion
CTo point out that she has not received e-mails from all her students yet
DTo indicate that she has several students doing projects about restaurants
3
Why does the professor talk about the cafeteria on campus?
ATo give an example of an effective service design
BTo illustrate how service standards can inform service design
CTo help the man understand a service problem
DTo illustrate the concept of a service gap
4
What do the speakers imply about the bakery the student went to recently?
Select 2 answers
AThe apple pie he bought there was not as good as it usually is.
BThe bakery’s service design was inefficient.
CThe bakery needs additional employees to fix a service gap.
DThe bakery did not meet a service standard.
5
What does the professor say the student should do for his project?
ACompare an on-campus service model with an off-campus one
BInterview the service manager and employees at the cafeteria
CRecommend service improvements at the cafeteria and the bookstore
DAnalyze the service design of a nearby restaurant
1
What point does the professor make about the writing of a formal analysis in art history?
AIts objective is to identify common features of several works of art.
BIts most important part is the explanation of an artwork’s significance.
CSeveral styles of writing a formal analysis are used by art historians.
DA particular approach is required to present information about an artwork.
2
According to the professor, what will students need to do before writing the art history paper?
ALook at examples of formal analysis in textbooks
BTake notes on the artwork they will write about
CGo to different museums before selecting a topic for the paper
DStudy the historical context of the artwork they will write about
3
Why does the professor mention an English class?
ATo explain the difference between visual language and written language
BTo explain that students need good writing skills for their assignment
CTo point out similarities between a poetry paper and the students’ assignment
DTo point out that many art historians become writers
4
What does the professor recommend as a way to understand the relationship between different parts of an artwork?
ALooking for lines that connect different parts of the work
BExamining the artwork from several different angles
CLooking for similar colors the artist used throughout the work
DDetermining how the viewer’s eyes move around the work
5
The professor describes three sections the art history paper should contain. Place them in the order in which they should appear in the paper.
Select 3 answers
AAnalysis of the design elements the artist uses
BDiscussion of the meaning of the artwork
CSummary of the appearance of the artwork
6
Why does the professor talk about his own experience analyzing the painting of a little boy?
ATo point out a common misconception about formal analysis
BTo stress the importance of looking at an artwork thoroughly
CTo show why a formal analysis should not emphasize small details
DTo provide an example of an artwork that is easy to analyze
1
What is the discussion mainly about?
AResults of privatization in the cod-fishing industry
BLaws that regulate the cod-fishing industry
CA recent study on cod-fishing techniques
DProblems related to the overfishing of cod
2
Why does the professor compare Cape Cod to Newfoundland?
ATo explain how some of Cape Cod’s waters first became privatized
BTo illustrate the enormous size of Cape Cod’s seventeenth-century cod population
CTo explain why large-scale cod fishing began later in Cape Cod than elsewhere
DTo highlight the results of two different evolutionary pressures on cod
3
What change did scientists notice around Cape Cod after the 1940s?
AThe amount of pollutants dumped into the ocean increased dramatically.
BTrawling ships violated fishing regulations more often.
CThe cod population’s diet became less diverse.
DCod began to mature at a younger age.
4
What point does the professor make about reproduction among small cod fish as compared to larger cod fish?
AEggs produced by smaller cod are less likely to survive.
BSmaller cod produce fewer eggs.
CThe offspring of smaller cod do not live as long.
DSmaller cod produce eggs fewer times per year.
5
What is the professor’s opinion of privatization for the management of an environmental resource?
APrivatization is an imperfect tool.
BPrivatization should be tried more often.
CPrivatization usually results in political conflicts.
DPrivatization usually results in the best outcome.
6
According to the professor, what was the result of the 200-mile exclusive economic zone declared by the United States and Canada?
AThe cod population moved further out to sea.
BThe cod population began to recover.
CMore trawlers began fishing around Cape Cod.
DPenalties for overfishing were toughened.
1
Why does the woman go to see the man?
ATo ask for his help in getting a job off campus
BTo apply for a job in the library archives
CTo find out if the man has received her letter of reference
DTo get help on a project she is doing with a professor
2
During the conversation, what surprises the man?
Select 2 answers
AThat he does not remember the woman
BThat the woman knows the library has a job opening
CThat the woman came to him for help
DThat the woman is still interested in photography
3
What does the man imply about Professor Ryan?
AProfessor Ryan will decide who gets the library assistant job.
BProfessor Ryan was in charge of the library’s photography exhibit.
CProfessor Ryan was impressed with work the woman did on the photography exhibit.
DProfessor Ryan recommended the woman for the library assistant job.
4
What will be the main responsibility of the new library assistant?
ACataloging photographs taken during the university’s hundreth year
BPlanning and setting up photography exhibits at the library
CWriting research reports about photographs in the library’s collection
DFinding photographs requested by library users
5
What does the woman imply about the library assistant job?
Select 2 answers
AShe feels she is not qualified for it.
BShe is reluctant to apply for it because it does not involve taking photographs.
CShe thinks it would fit in well with her class schedule.
DShe thinks it would require too much of her time.
1
What is the main purpose of the lecture?
ATo argue that carbon emissions today are not the only factor responsible for global warming
BTo provide evidence that rates of global carbon emissions fluctuate over time
CTo show the importance of distinguishing between different types of carbon emissions
DTo describe different ways carbon is removed from the atmosphere
2
What aspects of outer space does the professor emphasize?
Select 2 answers
AIts vastness
BIts cold temperatures
CThe absence of life there
DIts role as the ultimate source of energy on Earth
3
According to the professor, how do the oceans remove carbon from the atmosphere?
Select 2 answers
ABy dissolving it
BThrough a process of condensation and precipitation
CBy storing the remains of marine animals
DThrough the regulation of air temperatures
4
Why does the professor mention mining?
ATo explain why the price of fossil fuels is continually rising
BTo explain how certain fuel sources can be recovered from the ocean floor
CTo explain why coal and oil are more difficult to obtain than natural gas
DTo explain why fossil fuels contribute to an excess of carbon in the atmosphere
5
What does the professor mean when he refers to biomass carbon as “current carbon”?
AIt is the fuel source most widely approved by environmentalists today.
BIt is part of a balanced system of carbon emission and absorption.
CIt is circulated throughout the oceans by the movement of ocean water.
DIt readily combines with other carbon molecules to produce long chains.
6
Why does the professor say this:
ATo let students know that the term “greenhouse effect” will be tested
BTo indicate that the definition of “greenhouse effect” will be discussed
CTo suggest that his previous definition of “greenhouse effect” was imprecise
DTo acknowledge that there is controversy surrounding the use of the term “greenhouse effect”
口语第147套（mt002）
Many universities require all first-year students, regardless of their field of study, to take a writing or composition course in which they write several essays on a variety of topics. Do you think this is a good idea? Explain why or why not. Use details and examples to explain your opinion.
On a long bus ride home recently to visit family, I was able to do online research and complete assignments because the bus was equipped with an Internet connection. This got me thinking: wouldn’t it be great if we had Wi-Fi on our university buses? We could use that time more productively to do assignments that often require being connected to the Internet. I imagine this could be expensive, so how could it be paid for? Well, sometimes empty buses run all day along certain unpopular routes on campus. Reducing bus service along these routes that don’t get a lot of use could save money to fund the upgrade.
Sincerely,
Saleem Ahmed
The woman expresses her opinion about the proposal described in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state her opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.
Companies often want to offer new services to customers to increase profits. However, sometimes an individual company lacks a particular skill necessary to offer a different kind of service. So it may combine its existing skills or capabilities with those of another company to offer a new service together through what is known as a joint venture . The two companies create a third, separate company in a project or venture that joins their individual areas of expertise. The two original companies continue to operate independently at the same time that they run the new company together and share its profits.
Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the concept of a joint venture.
Summarize the lecture about aquatic plants and photosynthesis. Be sure to include the professor’s points and examples.
写作真题第147套（rs072）
综合写作
题目原文：
Transient lunar phenomena (TLP) are relatively brief flashes of light that appear to come from the surface of the Moon. Such flashes of light have been observed for centuries by both amateur and professional astronomers, and several theories have been put forward to explain them.
One theory is that TLP are not genuine lunar phenomena, but only random observational errors caused by defects in the telescopes some observers use. Optical instruments such as telescopes or microscopes are complex pieces of machinery; even small flaws in their design can create artificial optical impressions like flashes or other distortions in the visual field. To an observer, a flash of light caused by an instrument error may sometimes look like a real phenomenon taking place in nature.
A second theory is that meteors striking the Moon cause TLP. Because the Moon has no atmosphere, meteors often reach the lunar surface. In fact, meteors strike the Moon every day. According to the meteor theory, when meteors strike the lunar surface, they explode, creating enough heat energy to appear as a flash of light to observers on Earth. When people observe TLP, they are actually observing flashes of light generated by meteor impacts.
A third theory is that TLP are the result of lunar rocks emitting their own light by a process called thermoluminescence. It is known that the Moon does in fact contain certain rocks that are capable of generating light in this way when they are heated by the Sun. This is strong empirical support that TLP are caused by thermoluminescence.
题目音频：
学术写作：
Doctor Gupta: Ensuring that high school students get the education they need is challenging. Some educators are recognizing that regular classes at school may not be enough to prepare students for careers and for life. Because of this, they recommend that all high school students be required to spend a specific number of hours learning useful skills outside school. Others think that this requirement is not appropriate for all students. Which view do you agree with? why?
Claire: I think high school students should not be reguired to learn skills outside school. Schoolwork is already overwhelming for many, with exams, projects, and extracuriculars. Adding more would create unnecessary stress. Life skills can be learned after graduation when students have more time to focus on personal growth.
Andrew: I believe high school students should be reguired to learn practical skills outside school. Many lack basic skills like cooking or managing money, which can lead to problems later in life. A friend of mine struggled in college because he didn’t know how to budget. lf he had learned these skills earlier, he could have avoided unnecessary stress and debt.
