听力音频：
L1
讲座
1. What is the main topic of the lecture?
Various new theories of child development
Developing self-control in children
Social skills of young children
Methods for measuring learning in young children
2. The professor describes a study performed in the 1970s in which children were asked to wait. In follow-up studies on these subjects, what did researchers find was associated with the children’s ability to wait in the earlier study?（多选题）
Quick response times to visual and auditory stimuli
The ability to remember a large number of details
Competence at certain tasks, as judged by the subjects’ parents
Success in measures of academic performance
3. According to the professor, what ability in children did Lev Vygotsky believe was trongly linked to later academic success?
The ability to engage in a certain type of play
The ability to resolve arguments
The ability to read and write
The ability to use abstract reasoning
4. What attitude does a student express about the Tools of the Mind program?
He doubts that play can be an effective learning strategy.
He thinks that executive functions should not be taught in school.
He is surprised that the program is not more widely available
He is surprised by some of the activities that are included in the program.
5. According to the professor, what is one challenge for researchers who want to evaluate the Tools of the Mind program?
It will be time-consuming to train teachers to use the program effectively.
It will be difficult to determine which aspects of the program lead to self-control.
Only a small number of children have participated in the program.
The theory behind the program is not well understood by educators
6. What can be inferred when the professor says this:
Children can be taught to resist temptation
Children naturally associate marshmallows with clouds
Some children are better at following instructions than others are.
Some treats are easier to wait for than others are.
