听力音频：
L1
讲座
1. What is the lecture mainly about?
The effects of an ancient volcanic eruption on early humans in India and Indonesia
Whether the first and second migrations of early modern humans from Africa followed the same routes.
Evidence in support of a hypothesis about the migration of early humans from Africa to India
Distinctive characteristics of stone tools made by early modern humans in India
2. The professor discusses a widely accepted model of early migration out of Africa. According to the model, what happened to the first modern humans to migrate out of Africa, approximately 120,000 years ago?
They multiplied, and they gradually spread throughout the world
They populated an area not far from Africa, but they later disappeared.
They wandered for many years and eventually returned to Africa.
They became the first modern humans to settle in what is now India.
3. The professor discusses evidence discovered by a team of archaeologists in India. According to the leader of that team, what does this archaeological evidence suggest about early modern humans in India?（多选题）
They migrated to India earlier than most archaeologists had believed.
They survived a major natural disaster
They were not closely related to the people who live in India today
They resembled the humans already living in Indonesia at that time
4. When other archaeologists examined Petraglia’s evidence, what did some of them note as a problem that led them to question his conclusions?
They were not convinced that Petraglia’s artifacts matched artifacts found in southern Africa.
It seemed unlikely that the stones Petraglia’s team found had been shaped by humans.
The layer of ash in which the artifacts were found did not come from the Toba eruption.
Petraglia’s team did not keep careful records of the specific locations where various artifacts were found.
5. Why does the professor mention the walls of the valley where Petraglia’s team was working?
To describe where humans got the stone to make tools
To explain how humans probably used some tools
To suggest a possible source of food for humans in a time of scarcity
To indicate why the team decided to do research in the valley
6. What opinion does the professor express regarding Petraglia’s claims?
She is confident that they will force archaeologists to rethink current theories about
early human migration.
She expects to confirm them soon based on her own examination of Petraglia’s evidence.
She thinks other researchers will eventually find more evidence to support the claims.
She doubts that Petraglia will ever be able to prove the claims.
