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https://kdocs.cn/l/coFBvXdbvZpH
题目原文：
At the end of the Triassic period 200 million years ago, there was a mass-extinction event that caused the extinction of more than half of all living species. It was this extinction event that allowed dinosaurs to become the dominant species for the next 145 million years. We do not know exactly what happened that eliminated so many species in a relatively short period of time, but there are several possible explanations.
One theory involves the decline of sea levels. Near the end of the Triassic period, sea levels were fluctuating. When sea levels fall, the habitats for ocean populations that live in the shallows and land species that live on the coast are destroyed. The destruction of coastal and shallow-ocean species would have had a profound effect on food chains worldwide, leading to mass extinctions.
Another theory involves massive climate cooling. The end of the Triassic period was marked by widespread volcanic activity. The volcanoes released large amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO2). A rise in atmospheric SO2 is known to cause a lowering in global temperatures. Such climate change could have devastated many species and led to the extinctions.
The third theory involves an asteroid strike. Asteroids (objects from outer space) occasionally collide with Earth. When an asteroid hits Earth’s surface, it often displaces large amounts of soil and crushed rock, leaving behind a depression, or crater. The displaced debris is thrown up into the atmosphere where it can block out sunlight for many months or even a few years. A sufficiently massive asteroid impact at the end of the Triassic period may have blocked sunlight long enough for most plants to die and many animal species to then starve.
题目音频：
听力原文：
Professor:
While the theories given in the reading may sound plausible, none of them is a good explanation for the mass extinction at the end of the Triassic period.
First, sea level change. While scientists agree that the sea level fluctuated at the end of the Triassic period, often going down, this isn’t a good explanation for the extinctions. Coastal and shallow water ecosystems are usually capable of adapting to environmental changes that happen gradually. The fall in sea level at the end of the Triassic was quite gradual, taking place over several million years! The change would have to be much more sudden to have a widespread negative impact on the species in those ecosystems.
Second, global cooling. it’s ture that sulfur dioxide can lower global temperatures, but that can only happen during a relatively short period, when the sulfur dioxide that’s been released by volcanoes is actually still present in the atmosphere. In a matter of a few years, the excess S02 is usually cleared out of the atmosphere. Basically the S02 combines with water in the atmosphere and falls back on Earth as rain. It doesn’t seem likely therefore that even if there was a lot of volcanic S02 released at the end of the Triassic it stayed in the atmosphere long enough to cause mass extinctions.
Third, very few scientists believe the asteroid theory because we haven’t found any asteroid crater, the site where the asteroid hit, that can be dated to the time when the mass extinction occurred. We did find a crater, but it dates to about 12 million years before the extinction. That’s just too long before the extinction to have anything to do with it.
sample答案：
阅读解析与听力预测：
总论：
有一些理论可以解释T时代的大灭绝。典型的现象加三解释的文章，听力反驳策略几乎一定是说这些理论不能解释大灭绝。[1]
解释1：
海平面下降。[2]
解释2：
全球变冷。扫了一下展开发现是火山喷发产生SO2造成变冷。[3]
解释3：
陨石。[4]
[1] 笔记：Extinction at end T
[2] 笔记：sea level↓
听力预期：海平面没下降，或者海平面下降并不能造成大灭绝。
[3] 笔记：T↓
听力预期：全球没变冷，或者全球变冷也不会造成大灭绝。
[4] 笔记：asteroid
听力预期：就没有陨石，或者陨石不能造成大灭绝。
听力解析：
None good explanation，废话。
While sea level often going down，已经意识到听力承认了海平面下降，那接下来肯定要否认它和灭绝的关系。This isn’t a good explanation for the extinction，废话。Coastal and shallow water ecosystems usually adapt to gradual environmental change，这下反驳讨论很清晰，全球海平面就算下降了，不会对沿海生态系统有那么大的影响，因为后者能适应气候的渐变。The fallen sea level was quite gradual，这就是废话了，那会儿的海平面下降就是渐变的。Several million years，只是进一步展开。The change would have to be more sudden to have impact，只是总结句，没什么意义。[1]
本段逻辑梳理：海平面确实可能下降了，但是沿海生态系统是能应对这么缓慢的过程的。要真的产生大灭绝，那原因必须比这个激烈很多。
[1] 笔记：<fluctuate, often↓> Coastal system usually adapt to gradual change, Was gradual, million years, Would have to be sudden to widespread impact
It’s true SO2 can lower global temperature，让步，承认SO2可以降低全球气温。Can only happen during relatively short period，这已经暗示等会儿肯定要说实际情况不是一个short period thing。When the SO2 released by volcanoes still present in atmosphere，已经暗示出来等会儿肯定要说SO2之后就消失了。In a few years, SO2 clear out，这是我们不意外的。Combines with water in the air and falls back on earth as rain，明显是解释clear out的过程。Doesn’t seem even if a lot of volcanic SO2, it stayed long enough to cause mass extinction，只是废话总结。[1]
本段逻辑梳理：SO2确实可以造成全球变冷，但这是个短期事件，只发生在火山爆发产生的SO2还待在空气中的时候。然而，在几年时间内，SO2就会消退，它与水汽结合形成降水。所以火山喷发再多SO2，也不可能待足够长的时间造成这么大规模的灭绝。
[1] 笔记：<SO2 → ↓> Only shorter period, When SO2 released still present in atm, Clear out, combine with water in air, fall back as rain, Even if a lot SO2, ×stay long enough
Few scientists believe asteroid theory，已经判了死刑。We haven’t found asteroid the site where the asteroid hit that can be dated to mass extinction occur，我们没发现那个陨石落下来的地方有任何坑属于灭绝那个年代。Did find a crater, but dates to 12 million years before extinction，有坑，时间也对不上。Too long before to have anything to do with it，根本不可能和灭绝有关。[1]
本段逻辑梳理：就没人相信陨石理论。因为所谓陨石砸的地方就找不到那个时期的陨石坑，找到的陨石坑也比灭绝造了一千二百万年，根本不可能和灭绝有关。
[1] 笔记：×science believe, No find crater that can be dated to the time, A crater, 12 million be4, Has nothing to do
满分范文：
The article presents three hypotheses to explain the mass extinction at the end of the Triassic period, all of which are questioned by the lecturer.[1]
To begin, while the lecturer concedes that sea level at that time indeed often fell, she does not believe that it was sudden enough to disturb the coastal ecosystem so much, let alone to affect the entire food chain, because the coastal ecosystem can adapt to such gradual environmental change as the sea level fall at that period.
As with the theory that sulfur dioxide emitted from volcano eruptions caused the mass extinction, the lecturer counters that the effect of sulfur dioxide would only last a short period, when the sulfur dioxide released was still present in the atmosphere. In a few years, it would clear out as rainfall by combining with water in the atmosphere. Even if volcanic activities did emit a lot of sulfur dioxide, it would not stay long enough to generate the mass extinction.
Finally, the lecturer points out that few scientists accept the asteroid hypothesis, because to date no craters have been found at the site where the asteroid hit that can be dated to the time of the mass extinction. The only crater found was 12 million years before that period, too long to have anything to do with to the extinction.
[1] 典型的现象加三解释的文章开头
学术写作：
考题考察的是慈善类话题，也是一个常驻但小众的话题，而且通常很难。昨天这个考题也是难度很大，还是新题，所以很考察同学们的考场应变能力以及实际的英语积累。
考场遇到这种难题的时候，Curly一直提醒首先不要慌，不要被抽象的概念带跑，而是沉住气联想自身，去想下自己平时遇到的情况是什么样的。
比如拿这道题为例，我们可以想下自己平时可能有的捐款就是微信上的水滴筹，或者支付宝的蚂蚁种树，购物的顺手捐等，或者也有同学可能会参与校内的青年志愿者活动，也或者之前的疫情最初爆发时，可能有对武汉捐赠等等。国际机构也可以想下比如比尔盖茨基金会等。
当然也有一些负面新闻，比如之前的红十字会丑闻，捐赠里的贪污等等，这些也都可以，能让自己从反面构建思路。
总之，这样从关键词引发的联想，就容易让一道抽象的题具象化，然后再确定自己的立场和分论点来写，就会好很多。
当然，如果自己确实很慌很卡，想不到思路，可以沉下心去看下两位同学的想法，帮他们补充细节，也是可行的解题方式。
当地机构
1. 更能看到自己的资助带来的具体变化（Andrew论点）
2. 当地机构资金比较少，更需要我们的帮助
3. 当地机构捐赠起来可能更加方便（微信支付宝，国外可能需要visa）
4. 当地机构的项目可能更容易看到（比如校内项目，或者当地发生的事等）
5. 当地机构的捐赠可能能更多接触到当地人，产生更多共情
…
国际机构
1. 国际机构职能完善，能更好发挥资金的作用
2. 国际机构通常能对更重大的事情发生作用（Claire论点）
3. 国际机构资金明细清楚，能更好知道自己的资金走向。（反面：当地机构可能会贪污等）
4. 国际机构能捐助的项目通常更多，能更符合捐赠人的需求
5. 国际机构能帮助人们看到世界的紧急问题，理解更大的世界
…
参考思路
立场：当地机构
From my position, I would donate to local groups more frequently. (表明观点）Andrew makes a valid point when he says that funding local projects typically allows for more immediate results. Donors could quickly see the impact of their contributions, such as a new public shelter for stray cats in their neighborhood, because they lived nearby. （支持同学+展开） I would also add that funding local programs is always more convenient. For example, in China, the majority of internet users could show their compassion by using Alipay or WeChat Pay to make payments, while paying for an international program oftentimes requires a working knowledge of English and a Visa or Master card—neither of which are common among Chinese people.（新加论点+展开）
On the other hand, even though Claire is correct that global institutions have the potential to have a greater influence, I don’t believe that means that any of us regular people should make giving to them our top priority.（让步转折对立面同学） The reason for this is that well-known charities like Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation always have a good reputation, attracting big donors—billionaires, philanthropists, or powerful industrialists—to frequently contribute large sums of money to them. Therefore, the funds contributed by people such as us would be negligible and unimportant.（给出展开）
204 words
语言表达积累
慈善类💖：
donotors, philanthropists
make donations
see the impact of
show compassion
have a good reputation
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
