TF写作真题第021套（mm011）

MM_011

The akkadian empire was an ancient empire centered in the city of akkad and its surrounding region in ancient mesopotamia. the empire of akkad collapsed in 2154 bc but historians are still trying to determine the exact cause. there are three main theories historians have developed.

First, akkadian bureaucratic and military expenditure was funded by taxation, generally from the agrarian population. these heavy tariffs levied against an already economically burdened lower class had the effect of causing commodity inflation accelerate to catastrophic proportions. eventually, no longer being able to suffer the burden of increasing military expenditures and a growing government, the akkadian people revolted. the popular uprising toppled the governing forces which broke the akkadian empire in to fragmented, smaller city- states that could not survive.

Second, it has recently been suggested that the regional decline at the end of akkadian period was associated with a rapidly increasing aridity, and failing rainfall in the region. evidence also indicates other severe changes to regional weather patterns and considerable degradation of farm land. this in turn obviously led to diminished crop yields and reduced grain reserves. in a short period of time citizens of the akkadian empire no doubt starved, and the empire, with no people, fell.

A third possible explanation for the empire’s fall is trade disruptions. akkadian domestic and regional trade was very well developed in both value and volume. ancient mesopotamia was dotted by many small city-states all of whom fought on another over farm land, grazing pastures and access to water. raiding barbarian tribes and wars with some of the bordering 32 neighboring kingdoms combined with civil strife accelerated the further impaired trade relationships. the empire already destabilized from climate change and disruption in trade weakened the empire to the point where invasions and rebellions could no longer be held off resulting in the fall of the akkadian empire.

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