When studying an archaeological site, archaeologists must first try to understand how the society that lived there was organized. Some societies are centrally organized, and the institutions of these societies can be surmised from the archaeological remains. In general. a more centralized structure of society allows greater economic specialization, and this in turn brings increased efficiency of production. Centralization is often associated with an increased intensification of farming, for not only do centralized societies normally have higher population densities, but they must also produce enough surplus to support full-time (as opposed to part time) craft specialists. The greater degree of craft specialization is made possible only by the organizing abilities of a more centralized society, which is able to manage and promote an increase in agricultural productivity.
In centralized societies new farming methods arise for more intensive food production, with an emphasis on labor-intensive techniques such as plowing. In addition, major public works such as irrigation canals are often undertaken for the first time, made possible by the coercive, organizing powers of a central authority. Another indicator of growing intensification may be there organization of the rural landscape into smaller units, as the population increases and the amount of land available for each farmstead thereby diminishes
An important indicator of centralized control of a society is the existence of permanent storage facilities for food and goods, which the central authority will draw on periodically to feed, reward, and thus indirectly control its warriors and the local population. It follows that taxes, for instance in the form of produce to replenish state storehouses, will also be found among centralized societies: without them the controlling authority would have no wealth to redistribute .Much of a centralized state’s bureaucracy will be devoted to the administration of taxation, and, in general, direct indications of bureaucracy, such as recording and accounting systems, document it
A good example of a research project that has helped clarify this interaction of taxation, storage, and redistribution in one part of the world is the work of the American archaeologist Craig Morris at the city of Huánuco Pampa, a provincial capital of the Inca empire high up in the Andes. This city, at one time inhabited by some10,000-15,000 people, had been built from scratch by the Incas as an administrative center on the royal road to Cuzco, the imperial capital. We know from written accounts by early Spanish chroniclers that Inca rulers exacted taxation in the form of labor on state lands and state construction projects, including building Huánuco Pampa.
Many of the goods thus produced were stored in state warehouses-but to what purpose? Close analysis by Morris of as ample of some 20 percent of the more than 500 warehouses at Huánuco Pampa, as well as other structures there, suggested that stored potatoes and maize were used primarily to supply the city at this high altitude, where food production was difficult. But the city itself functioned to accommodate highly organized ceremonies in its huge central plaza, during which feasting and ritual maize-beer drinking took place, thus redistributing much of the stored wealth to the local populace
As Morris states, this ceremonial aspect of administration seems to have been very important in early centralized societies. The sharing of food and drink reinforced the idea that participation in the empire was something more than working in state fields or fighting in a distant war.
The increased importance of craft specialists is another indicator of a centralized society that can be identified archaeologically. Full time craft specialists leave traces: each craft has its own particular technology and is generally practiced in a different location within the urban area. Huánuco Pampa again provides a helpful example Although craft production here was much less developed than in many early cities elsewhere in the world, Morris successfully identified a compound of 50 buildings given over to the making of beer and clothing. Morris was able to show from his study that the distinctive architecture of the compound-enclosed by a surrounding wall with a single entrance thus restricting access-and the density of occupational waste suggested the presence of permanently segregated craft specialists, strong evidence of a centrally organized society.
1
When studying an archaeological site, archaeologists must first try to understand how the society that lived there was organized. Some societies are centrally organized, and the institutions of these societies can be surmised from the archaeological remains. In general. a more centralized structure of society allows greater economic specialization, and this in turn brings increased efficiency of production. Centralization is often associated with an increased intensification of farming, for not only do centralized societies normally have higher population densities, but they must also produce enough surplus to support full-time (as opposed to part time) craft specialists. The greater degree of craft specialization is made possible only by the organizing abilities of a more centralized society, which is able to manage and promote an increase in agricultural productivity.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a characteristic of more centralized societies?
AIncreased population densities
BIncreased economic specialization
CIncreased numbers of part-time craft specialists
DGreater efficiency of production
2
In centralized societies new farming methods arise for more intensive food production, with an emphasis on labor-intensive techniques such as plowing. In addition, major public works such as irrigation canals are often undertaken for the first time, made possible by the coercive, organizing powers of a central authority. Another indicator of growing intensification may be there organization of the rural landscape into smaller units, as the population increases and the amount of land available for each farmstead thereby diminishes
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a farming practice associated with more-centralized societies?
AOrganizing agricultural public-improvement projects
BAcquiring new land to be used for agriculture
CIntroducing labor-intensive farming methods
DDividing farmsteads into smaller units
3
An important indicator of centralized control of a society is the existence of permanent storage facilities for food and goods, which the central authority will draw on periodically to feed, reward, and thus indirectly control its warriors and the local population. It follows that taxes, for instance in the form of produce to replenish state storehouses, will also be found among centralized societies: without them the controlling authority would have no wealth to redistribute .Much of a centralized state’s bureaucracy will be devoted to the administration of taxation, and, in general, direct indications of bureaucracy, such as recording and accounting systems, document it
According to paragraph 3, centralized societies controlled their inhabitants by
Acreating positions for inhabitants in the state bureaucracy
Blowering their taxes
Credistributing the wealth accumulated by warriors to other parts of the population
Dproviding inhabitants with food and goods from time to time
4
A good example of a research project that has helped clarify this interaction of taxation, storage, and redistribution in one part of the world is the work of the American archaeologist Craig Morris at the city of Huánuco Pampa, a provincial capital of the Inca empire high up in the Andes. This city, at one time inhabited by some10,000-15,000 people, had been built from scratch by the Incas as an administrative center on the royal road to Cuzco, the imperial capital. We know from written accounts by early Spanish chroniclers that Inca rulers exacted taxation in the form of labor on state lands and state construction projects, including building Huánuco Pampa.
According to paragraph 4, which of the following was true of the ancient Inca city of Huánuco Pampa?
AIt was built by workers who paid taxes by their labor
BIt was built atop the remains of a much earlier city.
CIt was the imperial capital of the Inca empire before the building of Cuzco.
DIt was built partly from construction materials brought by the Spanish.
5
Many of the goods thus produced were stored in state warehouses-but to what purpose? Close analysis by Morris of as ample of some 20 percent of the more than 500 warehouses at Huánuco Pampa, as well as other structures there, suggested that stored potatoes and maize were used primarily to supply the city at this high altitude, where food production was difficult. But the city itself functioned to accommodate highly organized ceremonies in its huge central plaza, during which feasting and ritual maize-beer drinking took place, thus redistributing much of the stored wealth to the local populace
Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements about the foods associated with highly organized ceremonies in Huánuco Pampa?
AThese foods were eaten on ceremonial occasions but not during other times
BThese foods had to be kept in special containers to keep them separate from other foods stored in the same warehouses
CThese foods were given primarily to important people during organized ceremonies rather than to the local populace.
DA significant portion of these foods was grown in areas outside Huánuco Pampa.
6
A good example of a research project that has helped clarify this interaction of taxation, storage, and redistribution in one part of the world is the work of the American archaeologist Craig Morris at the city of Huánuco Pampa, a provincial capital of the Inca empire high up in the Andes. This city, at one time inhabited by some10,000-15,000 people, had been built from scratch by the Incas as an administrative center on the royal road to Cuzco, the imperial capital. We know from written accounts by early Spanish chroniclers that Inca rulers exacted taxation in the form of labor on state lands and state construction projects, including building Huánuco Pampa.
What is the purpose of the discussion of “Huánuco Pampa” within the context of the rest of the passage?
ATo emphasize the significant contributions of American archaeologists to the definition of centralized societies
BTo distinguish the Andean Inca empire from other centralized societies
CTo support abstract assertions about centralized societies with concrete information from archaeological studies
DTo offer a specific instance that may call into question accepted assumptions about centralized societies
7
The increased importance of craft specialists is another indicator of a centralized society that can be identified archaeologically. Full time craft specialists leave traces: each craft has its own particular technology and is generally practiced in a different location within the urban area. Huánuco Pampa again provides a helpful example Although craft production here was much less developed than in many early cities elsewhere in the world, Morris successfully identified a compound of 50 buildings given over to the making of beer and clothing. Morris was able to show from his study that the distinctive architecture of the compound-enclosed by a surrounding wall with a single entrance thus restricting access-and the density of occupational waste suggested the presence of permanently segregated craft specialists, strong evidence of a centrally organized society.
The word “segregated” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Ahoused
Bseparated
Cemployed
Davailable
8
The increased importance of craft specialists is another indicator of a centralized society that can be identified archaeologically. Full time craft specialists leave traces: each craft has its own particular technology and is generally practiced in a different location within the urban area. Huánuco Pampa again provides a helpful example Although craft production here was much less developed than in many early cities elsewhere in the world, Morris successfully identified a compound of 50 buildings given over to the making of beer and clothing. Morris was able to show from his study that the distinctive architecture of the compound-enclosed by a surrounding wall with a single entrance thus restricting access-and the density of occupational waste suggested the presence of permanently segregated craft specialists, strong evidence of a centrally organized society.
According to paragraph 7, what was architecturally distinctive about the compound that Morris studied?
AIt housed the most highly developed facilities of the time for making both beer and clothing.
BIt was designed so that there was only one way to enter or to leave.
CIt had walls that segregated one part of the compound from another.
DIt featured areas built specifically for the storage of waste.
9
The increased importance of craft specialists is another indicator of a centralized society that can be identified archaeologically.[■] Full time craft specialists leave traces: each craft has its own particular technology and is generally practiced in a different location within the urban area. [■] Huánuco Pampa again provides a helpful example Although craft production here was much less developed than in many early cities elsewhere in the world, Morris successfully identified a compound of 50 buildings given over to the making of beer and clothing. [■] Morris was able to show from his study that the distinctive architecture of the compound-enclosed by a surrounding wall with a single entrance thus restricting access-and the density of occupational waste suggested the presence of permanently segregated craft specialists, strong evidence of a centrally organized society.[■]
Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
But was there evidence that this was a permanent site where craft specialists worked?
Where would the sentence best fit？Click on a square sentence to the passage.
10
Archaeologists identify ancient centralized societies as sharing a combination of specific features.
AEvidence of agricultural intensification such as the use of irrigation canals and of labor-intensive farming techniques suggests the organizational power of a centralized authority.
BAccounting records and remains of ancient storage facilities provide evidence that a central authority was organizing the redistribution of wealth.
CRecent evidence from Huánuco Pampa indicates that administrators of centralized states sometimes held large public ceremonies to collect food from the local populace.
DArchaeological evidence of large farms being divided into smaller units suggests that a central government was powerful enough to withstand challenges from its inhabitants.
ETax records indicate that many centralized societies used warriors to collect taxes and control the local population.
FThe segregation of craft-specialist work sites shows that great importance was attached to craft specialists and therefore is evidence of a central authority.
