In the past, the oceans were regarded as common property, and fishers were free to go where they liked.Although islanders in the tropics and fishers intemperate waters often protected their local fisheries (or fishing areas) from outsiders, the “ownership” of marine resources rarely extended more than a few miles from land. From the fifteenth century until the 1970s there was little restriction on where fishing took place in the world’s oceans. lt may seem strange that countries fished so freely in oceans many miles from their home ports while hunters could not take terrestrial mammals from foreign countries without invading them, but the perception that land is owned and that the sea is open to all has persisted in many societies and for many centuries.
1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Though it may seem strange, for centuries anyone was free to hunt and fish wherever one liked,because most societies believed the land and sea were open to all.
B.The fact that hunters could hunt land animals freely only in their own country while fishers could fish freely anywhere reflected the traditional view that land is owned but the sea is open to all.
C.Although land mammals are owned by the country in which they are found, ocean fish swimming anywhere in the sea are owned by no one.
D.It seems strange that many societies have for centuries held the view that the land and the animals on it are owned.
The concept of “freedom of the seas” had a powerful influence on the development of the world’s fisheries. It formalized in the sixteenth and seventeenth was centuries when world powers decided to resolve ongoing and expensive conflicts over trade routes by allowing multinational access. In 1609 Hugo Grotius defended Holland’s trading in the indian Ocean in Mare Liberum .and used fisheries to endorse his arguments for free access. He suggested that fish resources were so abundant that there would be no benefits from ownership and that large areas of national jurisdiction could never be defended. His argument prevailed, and freedom of fishing became synonymous with freedom of the seas.
2.The word”formalized” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.created
B.made official
C.made popular
D.simplified
3.Paragraph 2 strongly suggests that an important reason for the early-seventeenth-century agreement by world powers to allow multinational access to the seas was that
A.conflicts over access had become unacceptably expensive
B.Hugo Grotius failed to defend the notion of national jurisdiction as part of his argument
C.world powers realized that fish resources were being reduced by the ongoing conflicts
D.by the seventeenth century the conflicts over the concept of freedom of the seas had ended
4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following was a consideration cited by Hugo Grotius in his argument in favor of freedom of the seas?
A.Holland’s inability to continue trading in the indian Ocean
B.The difficulty of determining which fish resources were worth defending
C.The impossibility of effectively defending large areas of the ocean against foreign intrusion
D.The generally held view that freedom of fishing was synonymous with freedom of the seas
Human populations were growing and fishing was becoming more intensive, however, so conflict over fisheries went on the increase. Scotland had claimed exclusive national rights to coastal waters as early as the fifteenth century. ▉Other countries had followed, but there was still no international agreement on the size of territorial waters. ▉Centuries went by before the Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law decided in 1930 that the claims to territorial seas were acceptable. ▉However, the conference did not suggest how large these claims could be and, in practice, most countries claimed not more than a few kilometers of coastal waters.▉
5.According to paragraph 3, what issue was decided by the 1930 Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law?
A.Whether nations could legitimately claim exclusive rights to territorial waters
B.Whether ocean fleets could fish in distant countries’ territorial waters
C.How large an area a nation could acceptably claim as territorial waters
D.How disputes over jurisdiction of territorial waters should be resolved in practice
Following the Second World War (1939-1945) and two United Nations (UN) Conferences on the Law of the Sea(in 1958 and in 1960), coastal states had greater expectations about the limits of their authority over fisheries. Many states increased their fishery limits to12 miles (19.3 kilometers) and by 1972, 66 countries had12-mile limits. Even this did not satisfy countries with important fishing interests, who were concerned about the status of their stocks, and countries such as Iceland,where cod were fished by foreign ocean fleets, went to an international court in an attempt to impose extended unilateral limits. Lce land’s claim for jurisdiction was opposed by foreign fleets and led to the cod wars of the 1970S.
6.According to paragraph 4, what led to the cod wars of the 1970s?
A.A sharp decline in cod populations
B.Fishing fleets that did not want to recognize any territorial limit on fishing near coastlines
C.The adoption of 12-mile limits by many countries
D.Efforts by lce land to extend its jurisdiction beyond12 miles
Most 12-mile claims had little impact on the activities of ocean fleets, but nations were increasingly concerned that they were not in control of their most attainable fish resources. Further territorial claims were inevitable As early as 1947, Chile and Peru had claimed 200-mile(322-kilometer) jurisdiction, and by 1972 another 8countries had joined them. At the 1973 UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the right to 200-mile limits was formalized. By 1977, 51 countries claimed this extended jurisdiction. Since 90 percent of the yield of global fisheries was taken within 200 miles of the coast, these changes brought 90 percent of fisheries under national control. The catches of the ocean fleets fell, and many small island states were suddenly in control of vast fishery resources. The tiny Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean, for example, with a land area of455 square kilometers and a population of 75,000, were now responsible for fisheries in an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 1.374,000 square kilometers. Kiribati in the South Pacific, with a land area of 690 square kilometers and population of 72,000 took control of an EEZ of3,550,000 square kilometers, which included rich tuna and fishing grounds. In subsequent years, small island nations would receive license payments from larger and wealthier nations that wanted to keep fishing in their EEZs. However, extended jurisdiction did not bring an end to battles over fisheries, and they continue to ignite conflicts between otherwise friendly fishers and nations.
7.The phrase most attainable in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.most favored
B.most profitable
C.easiest to reach
D.best known
8.Why does the author provide information about the island of” Kiribati in the South Pacific”?
A.To indicate some of the factors that could affect the size of a country’s exclusive economic zone
B.To help illustrate the impact of the 200-mile limit on small island nations
C.To support the idea that coastal states, whatever their size, had good reasons for extending their territorial claims to 200 miles
D.To help explain why extending national jurisdictions could not bring a stop to conflicts between nations over fisheries
9.Look at the four squares [▊] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?
The thinking was that waters more than a few kilometers from the coast were too far away to be defended from the shore.
10.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The oceans were traditionally regarded as open to all; before the 1930s fishers from any country were free to fish almost anywhere.
A.Well before international agreement an the right of coastal nations to claim exclusive jurisdiction over inshore waters islanders in the tropics had protected their local fisheries from outsiders.
B.By the early seventeenth century, world powers had agreed to multinational access to the high seas, in part because fish resources were so abundant that claiming national jurisdiction seemed pointless.
C.Territorial claims of 12 miles had little effect on ocean fleets and their yields continued to increase as a result, many countries with important fishing interests increased the size of their fleets.
D.As human populations grew, so did conflicts over fisheries and many countries claimed exclusive rights to waters nearshore, in 1930 international law recognized claims to territorial seas.
E.By 1972 many countries had 12-mile limits and some claimed 200-mile jurisdiction: in 1973 the United Nations formalized the 200-mlle limits and soon 90 percent fisheries were under national control.
F.The formalization of the 200mile limit favored large nations over smaller island states because larger nations had bigger fleets that were better able to take advantage of the expanded fishing areas.
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