650

For many years, scientists debated nether prehistoric humans in Central Europe lived alongside the mammoth and whether they hunted it with their stone tools. The mammoth an extinct species of the elephant family, roamed across Europe during Earth’s last ice age-a period during which large parts of Earth were covered by ice. Protected from the cold by its hairy coat. it survived even the coldest period some 26 500 years ago, when Earth’s ice cover was most extensive. Archeologists did not initially believe that humans could live in this inhospitable climate. However, in the late nineteenth century the remains of ancient human settlements that incited numerous burned mammoth bones were found of the Mora won Gate, a mountain pass in what is now the Czech Republic. This suggested that humans survived even in frozen regions near the margins of the ice sheets by using mammoths for food and for raw materials used in clothing, blanket, and shifter waits. These ice-age people left behind numerous small sculptures of mammoths and other animals, formed of ceramic or carved out of stone, bone, or tusks While these works usually show animals in still positions, there are some that depict animals in motion.

One such animated sculpture is the Piedmosti mammoth. The fragments from which it is restored were found by geologist Martin Krz in 1895 when he took over the excavations started by mathematician Karel Maska in 1882 in the massive deposits of loess (accumulated windblown soil) on the Bećva River in Moravia. In the intervening period Maśka had exposed an area of about 200 square meters and found over 30.000 artifacts, human burials, and more than 1.000 kilograms of animal bones, most of which were those of mammoths sometimes discovered in organized piles. It was also Maśka who joined the broken pieces of ivory to reveal the sculpture that was a unique and important find at that time. Made on a large, fat segment from a tusk of considerable size, the realism of the animal, obviously observed in life by the sculptor, immediately disproved the opinion of the Danish archaeologist Japetus Steenstrup, who had visited in 1888 and suggested that the occupants of the site had arrived much later than the mammoths whose bodies they had found frozen in the permafrost and utilized. The indisputably ancient context of the sculpture found among mammoth bones and stone tools was used to further confirm the great age of cave art when it was compared to mammoths known from the walls of caves such as Les Combarelles and Font de Gaume in southwest France, the authenticity of which had only recently been accepted after many years of doubt. However, Steenstrup’s view that the massive accumulation of mammoth remains at Predmosti and other Moravian sites was not due to hunting prevailed and still provokes questions about how we might interpret the sculpture.

Arguments against the hunting of mammoths in Mora surfaced o the twentieth century when Wolfgang Soergel and later, Olga Soffer suggested that humans had exploited the lemons of mammoths that had died natural deaths rather than hunting such potentially dangerous prey. Herds of animals migrating through the Moravian Gate mountain pass stopped at mineral licks （exposed mineral deposits）， which provided them with he salts essential to the diet particularly of young animals and pregnant females during late spring-early summer, but weak, tired animals would also die there. Humans just moved in to take advantage of them. This picture is contested by Martin Oliva, who reiterates the archaeological evidence for hunting combined with some searching for available food and in so doing proposes that culture as well as nature made the mammoth important to society in ways over and above bare survival. He points out that some humanly constructed accumulations of mammoth remains discovered within these sites have no apparent utilitarian function and notes that mammoth bones and teeth were placed in human burials. Such behavioral gestures, now incomprehensible, may have been influenced by engagement with and dependence on the animal which consequently acquired special significance. Oliva also argues thot people do not avoid hunting dangerous animals but take them on for the thrill of the competiton in which they acquire social prestige and status.

 

1

For many years, scientists debated nether prehistoric humans in Central Europe lived alongside the mammoth and whether they hunted it with their stone tools. The mammoth an extinct species of the elephant family, roamed across Europe during Earth’s last ice age-a period during which large parts of Earth were covered by ice. Protected from the cold by its hairy coat. it survived even the coldest period some 26 500 years ago, when Earth’s ice cover was most extensive. Archeologists did not initially believe that humans could live in this inhospitable climate. However, in the late nineteenth century the remains of ancient human settlements that incited numerous burned mammoth bones were found of the Mora won Gate, a mountain pass in what is now the Czech Republic. This suggested that humans survived even in frozen regions near the margins of the ice sheets by using mammoths for food and for raw materials used in clothing, blanket, and shifter waits. These ice-age people left behind numerous small sculptures of mammoths and other animals, formed of ceramic or carved out of stone, bone, or tusks While these works usually show animals in still positions, there are some that depict animals in motion.

According to paragraph 1. why did scientists long doubt that humans had lived alongside mammoths?

AThey did not believe that mammoths had been present in Central Europe 26,500 years ago

BThey believed that humans’ stone tools were too ineffective to justify entering the mammoth’s environment to hunt them

CThey thought that humans would have been too frightened by the large, hairy mammoths to settle near them

DThey thought that humans would have been unable to survive in the extreme cold of the mammoths’ environment.

 

2

For many years, scientists debated nether prehistoric humans in Central Europe lived alongside the mammoth and whether they hunted it with their stone tools. The mammoth an extinct species of the elephant family, roamed across Europe during Earth’s last ice age-a period during which large parts of Earth were covered by ice. Protected from the cold by its hairy coat. it survived even the coldest period some 26 500 years ago, when Earth’s ice cover was most extensive. Archeologists did not initially believe that humans could live in this inhospitable climate. However, in the late nineteenth century the remains of ancient human settlements that incited numerous burned mammoth bones were found of the Mora won Gate, a mountain pass in what is now the Czech Republic. This suggested that humans survived even in frozen regions near the margins of the ice sheets by using mammoths for food and for raw materials used in clothing, blanket, and shifter waits. These ice-age people left behind numerous small sculptures of mammoths and other animals, formed of ceramic or carved out of stone, bone, or tusks While these works usually show animals in still positions, there are some that depict animals in motion.

According to paragraph 1, the discovery of the Moravian Gale in the late nineteenth century included evidence that

Ahumans hunted mammoths with tools made of stone and bone

Bconditions during the last ice age were not as inhospitable as previously

Cthought there were fires that endangered both humans and mammoths.

Dhumans had used mammoths for food and perhaps to make ciothing. blankots, end otner items

 

3

One such animated sculpture is the Piedmosti mammoth. The fragments from which it is restored were found by geologist Martin Krz in 1895 when he took over the excavations started by mathematician Karel Maska in 1882 in the massive deposits of loess (accumulated windblown soil) on the Bećva River in Moravia. In the intervening period Maśka had exposed an area of about 200 square meters and found over 30.000 artifacts, human burials, and more than 1.000 kilograms of animal bones, most of which were those of mammoths sometimes discovered in organized piles. It was also Maśka who joined the broken pieces of ivory to reveal the sculpture that was a unique and important find at that time. Made on a large, fat segment from a tusk of considerable size, the realism of the animal, obviously observed in life by the sculptor, immediately disproved the opinion of the Danish archaeologist Japetus Steenstrup, who had visited in 1888 and suggested that the occupants of the site had arrived much later than the mammoths whose bodies they had found frozen in the permafrost and utilized. The indisputably ancient context of the sculpture found among mammoth bones and stone tools was used to further confirm the great age of cave art when it was compared to mammoths known from the walls of caves such as Les Combarelles and Font de Gaume in southwest France, the authenticity of which had only recently been accepted after many years of doubt. However, Steenstrup’s view that the massive accumulation of mammoth remains at Predmosti and other Moravian sites was not due to hunting prevailed and still provokes questions about how we might interpret the sculpture.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

AThe realistic sculpture was made on a large, flat segment from a tusk of considerable size, perhaps from a mammoth whose body had been found frozen in the permafrost.

BThe realistic sculpture appears to be modeled on a live animal, disproving the thaary that humans had encountered mammoths only as long-dead, frozen bodies.

CIn the opinion of Danish archaeologist Japetus Steenstrup, the sculptor had obviously based the sculpture on a large mammoth he or she had observed in life.

DThe sculpture, made on a large, flat segment of tusk, appeared to have been made much later than the piles of mammoth bones that were found throughout the site.

 

4

One such animated sculpture is the Piedmosti mammoth. The fragments from which it is restored were found by geologist Martin Krz in 1895 when he took over the excavations started by mathematician Karel Maska in 1882 in the massive deposits of loess (accumulated windblown soil) on the Bećva River in Moravia. In the intervening period Maśka had exposed an area of about 200 square meters and found over 30.000 artifacts, human burials, and more than 1.000 kilograms of animal bones, most of which were those of mammoths sometimes discovered in organized piles. It was also Maśka who joined the broken pieces of ivory to reveal the sculpture that was a unique and important find at that time. Made on a large, fat segment from a tusk of considerable size, the realism of the animal, obviously observed in life by the sculptor, immediately disproved the opinion of the Danish archaeologist Japetus Steenstrup, who had visited in 1888 and suggested that the occupants of the site had arrived much later than the mammoths whose bodies they had found frozen in the permafrost and utilized. The indisputably ancient context of the sculpture found among mammoth bones and stone tools was used to further confirm the great age of cave art when it was compared to mammoths known from the walls of caves such as Les Combarelles and Font de Gaume in southwest France, the authenticity of which had only recently been accepted after many years of doubt. However, Steenstrup’s view that the massive accumulation of mammoth remains at Predmosti and other Moravian sites was not due to hunting prevailed and still provokes questions about how we might interpret the sculpture.

The word “indisputably” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Aextremely

Bcertainty

Ccomparably

Dsurprisingly

 

5

One such animated sculpture is the Piedmosti mammoth. The fragments from which it is restored were found by geologist Martin Krz in 1895 when he took over the excavations started by mathematician Karel Maska in 1882 in the massive deposits of loess (accumulated windblown soil) on the Bećva River in Moravia. In the intervening period Maśka had exposed an area of about 200 square meters and found over 30.000 artifacts, human burials, and more than 1.000 kilograms of animal bones, most of which were those of mammoths sometimes discovered in organized piles. It was also Maśka who joined the broken pieces of ivory to reveal the sculpture that was a unique and important find at that time. Made on a large, fat segment from a tusk of considerable size, the realism of the animal, obviously observed in life by the sculptor, immediately disproved the opinion of the Danish archaeologist Japetus Steenstrup, who had visited in 1888 and suggested that the occupants of the site had arrived much later than the mammoths whose bodies they had found frozen in the permafrost and utilized. The indisputably ancient context of the sculpture found among mammoth bones and stone tools was used to further confirm the great age of cave art when it was compared to mammoths known from the walls of caves such as Les Combarelles and Font de Gaume in southwest France, the authenticity of which had only recently been accepted after many years of doubt. However, Steenstrup’s view that the massive accumulation of mammoth remains at Predmosti and other Moravian sites was not due to hunting prevailed and still provokes questions about how we might interpret the sculpture.

According to paragraph 2. all of the following are true of the Predmosti mammoth EXCEPT

AIt was discovered in pieces, which Karel Maska later put together

BIt was a burial object discovered in a human grave

CIt was discovered by Martin Khiz in 1895 near the Bečva River in Moravia.

DIt was found at a site that contained over 30,000 other artifacts.

 

6

One such animated sculpture is the Piedmosti mammoth. The fragments from which it is restored were found by geologist Martin Krz in 1895 when he took over the excavations started by mathematician Karel Maska in 1882 in the massive deposits of loess (accumulated windblown soil) on the Bećva River in Moravia. In the intervening period Maśka had exposed an area of about 200 square meters and found over 30.000 artifacts, human burials, and more than 1.000 kilograms of animal bones, most of which were those of mammoths sometimes discovered in organized piles. It was also Maśka who joined the broken pieces of ivory to reveal the sculpture that was a unique and important find at that time. Made on a large, fat segment from a tusk of considerable size, the realism of the animal, obviously observed in life by the sculptor, immediately disproved the opinion of the Danish archaeologist Japetus Steenstrup, who had visited in 1888 and suggested that the occupants of the site had arrived much later than the mammoths whose bodies they had found frozen in the permafrost and utilized. The indisputably ancient context of the sculpture found among mammoth bones and stone tools was used to further confirm the great age of cave art when it was compared to mammoths known from the walls of caves such as Les Combarelles and Font de Gaume in southwest France, the authenticity of which had only recently been accepted after many years of doubt. However, Steenstrup’s view that the massive accumulation of mammoth remains at Predmosti and other Moravian sites was not due to hunting prevailed and still provokes questions about how we might interpret the sculpture.

Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about cave art found at Les Combarelles and Font de Gaumo?

AThe authenticity of the art at these sites confirmed the authenticity of the Predimdsti mammoth.

BThe art at these sites showed that the Predmosti mammoth was more lifelike than originally supposed.

CThe art at these sites includes mammoth paintings similar in age and style to the Predmcsti mammoth

DThe art at these sites was discovered alongside mammoth bones and stone tools.

 

7

Arguments against the hunting of mammoths in Mora surfaced o the twentieth century when Wolfgang Soergel and later, Olga Soffer suggested that humans had exploited the lemons of mammoths that had died natural deaths rather than hunting such potentially dangerous prey. Herds of animals migrating through the Moravian Gate mountain pass stopped at mineral licks （exposed mineral deposits）， which provided them with he salts essential to the diet particularly of young animals and pregnant females during late spring-early summer, but weak, tired animals would also die there. Humans just moved in to take advantage of them. This picture is contested by Martin Oliva, who reiterates the archaeological evidence for hunting combined with some searching for available food and in so doing proposes that culture as well as nature made the mammoth important to society in ways over and above bare survival. He points out that some humanly constructed accumulations of mammoth remains discovered within these sites have no apparent utilitarian function and notes that mammoth bones and teeth were placed in human burials. Such behavioral gestures, now incomprehensible, may have been influenced by engagement with and dependence on the animal which consequently acquired special significance. Oliva also argues thot people do not avoid hunting dangerous animals but take them on for the thrill of the competiton in which they acquire social prestige and status.

The phrase “This picture” refers to the idea that

Aherds of mammoths passed through the Moravian Gate

Bmineral licks provided pregnant females and young animals the salts essential to their diets

Cweak, tired animals died when they reached the Moravian Gate

DHumans did not hunt mammoths but used the remains of mammoths that had died natural deaths

 

8

Arguments against the hunting of mammoths in Mora surfaced o the twentieth century when Wolfgang Soergel and later, Olga Soffer suggested that humans had exploited the lemons of mammoths that had died natural deaths rather than hunting such potentially dangerous prey. Herds of animals migrating through the Moravian Gate mountain pass stopped at mineral licks （exposed mineral deposits）， which provided them with he salts essential to the diet particularly of young animals and pregnant females during late spring-early summer, but weak, tired animals would also die there. Humans just moved in to take advantage of them. This picture is contested by Martin Oliva, who reiterates the archaeological evidence for hunting combined with some searching for available food and in so doing proposes that culture as well as nature made the mammoth important to society in ways over and above bare survival. He points out that some humanly constructed accumulations of mammoth remains discovered within these sites have no apparent utilitarian function and notes that mammoth bones and teeth were placed in human burials. Such behavioral gestures, now incomprehensible, may have been influenced by engagement with and dependence on the animal which consequently acquired special significance. Oliva also argues thot people do not avoid hunting dangerous animals but take them on for the thrill of the competiton in which they acquire social prestige and status.

In paragraph 3, why does the author include the information that herd animals sometimes died at salt licks?

ATo present Soergel and Soffer’s expianation of how humans were able to obtain materials from mammoths without hunting them

BTo support Soergel and Soffer’s claim that mammoths would have been too dangerous to hunt

CTo explain why Soergel and Soffer believed that salt licks on the Moravian. Gate mountain pass attracted weak and tired animals.

DTo suggest that humans focused their hunting on animals that were young pregnant, weak. or tired

 

9

Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

It was well adapted to these conditions.

Where would the sentence best fit？Click on a square  sentence to the passage.

10

Archaeologists have been studying mammoth remains found in Central Europe.

AThe discovery of a large number of mammoth remains in human settlements suggested that humans depended on mammoths for a variety of important needs during Earth’s last ice age

BSculptures like the Predmosti mammoth and other evidence suggest that humans hunted live mammoths, rather than just using the remains of mammoths that had died from natural causes.

CCave paintings found in Franco supported the view that at the Moravian Gate many mammoths came together at a water hole or mineral lick.

DPieces of what may have been clothing, blankets, or perhaps shelter walls made from animal remains suggost that mammoths may have been valued primarily for their warm, hairy coats.

EThe accumulation of mammoth remains by humans and their placement in burials suggest that there may have been a cultural element to the human-mammoth relationship.

FBased on the large amount of mammoth bones found in Moravia, Martin Oliva has argued that hunting by humans may have been so significant as to have caused the animals’ extinction.

 

 

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code> 隐藏内容

 

《TF阅读真题第650篇Ice Age Sculpture》 https://shimo.im/docs/1d3aMl4pYEiNDD3g/

 

答案：

1D

2D

3B

4B

5B

6D

7D

8A

9B

10ABE

翻译：

多年来，科学家们一直在争论中欧史前人类是否与猛犸象共存，并是否用他们的石器狩猎这种动物。猛犸象，这种已灭绝的大象家族成员，在地球上一个冰河时期中遍布欧洲——那时地球的大部分地区被冰层覆盖。它那厚重的毛发保护它免受严寒，甚至在大约26,500年前的最冷时期都得以生存，那时地球的冰盖达到最广泛。考古学家最初不相信人类能在这种不适宜的气候中生存。然而，在19世纪末，在如今的捷克共和国的莫拉维亚山口发现了古代人类聚居地的遗迹，里面包含了许多烧焦的猛犸象骨头。这表明，人类甚至在冰盖边缘的冰冻区域也能生存，他们利用猛犸象作为食物和制作衣物、毯子及遮阳篷的原材料。这些冰河时期的人类留下了许多小型雕塑，包括猛犸象和其他动物，这些雕塑由陶瓷制成，或雕刻在石头、骨头或象牙上。虽然这些作品通常展示静止的动物，但也有一些描绘了动态的动物。

 

其中一个生动的雕塑是皮德莫斯蒂猛犸象。它的碎片是由地质学家马丁·克兹于1895年在莫拉维亚的贝切瓦河边的大量黄土（风积土）中发现的，当时他接管了数学家卡雷尔·马斯卡在1882年开始的挖掘。在此期间，马斯卡已经挖掘了约200平方米的区域，发现了超过30,000件工件、人类墓葬，以及超过1,000公斤的动物骨骼，其中大部分是猛犸象的，有时会被发现堆放在有组织的堆中。也是马斯卡将破碎的象牙碎片拼接起来，展现了那时一件独特且重要的发现。这件雕塑是在一块相当大的厚重象牙段上制作的，动物的逼真，显然是雕塑家在生活中观察到的，立即推翻了丹麦考古学家亚佩图斯·斯廷斯特鲁普的观点，他在1888年访问时曾提出，该遗址的居民比猛犸象晚很多到达，他们发现了冻结在永久冻土中的猛犸象尸体并加以利用。这尊雕塑无疑古老的背景，与猛犸象骨和石器一起发现，用来进一步证实洞穴艺术的悠久历史，当它与法国西南部莱斯·科姆巴雷勒斯和方特·德·高姆洞

 

穴墙上的猛犸象进行比较时，这些洞穴的真实性在经过多年的怀疑后才被接受。然而，斯廷斯特鲁普认为，在皮德莫斯蒂和其他莫拉维亚遗址上大量积累的猛犸象遗骸并非因为狩猎造成的观点仍然占据上风，并持续引发关于我们如何解读这尊雕塑的问题。

 

反对在莫拉维亚狩猎猛犸象的观点在20世纪浮现，当沃尔夫冈·索尔格尔和后来的奥尔加·索弗提出，人类利用了自然死亡的猛犸象的遗体，而不是狩猎这种潜在危险的猎物。成群的动物通过莫拉维亚山口迁徙时会在露出的矿物质堆（暴露的矿物沉积物）停留，这为它们提供了对特别是幼年动物和晚春初夏孕期母体至关重要的盐分，但虚弱、疲惫的动物也会在那里死亡。人类只是趁机利用它们。这一观点被马丁·奥利瓦所反驳，他重申了考古证据表明狩猎的存在，并提出文化以及自然使猛犸象在超越基本生存之外的方式对社会重要。他指出，这些遗址内发现的一些人工堆积的猛犸象遗骸没有明显的实用功能，并指出猛犸象骨和牙齿被放置在人类墓葬中。这些行为举止，如今已无法理解，可能受到了与这种动物的互动和依赖的影响，从而赋予了特殊的意义。奥利瓦还辩称，人们并非避免狩猎危险动物，而是为了竞争的刺激而接受挑战，在其中他们获得社会声望和地位。