雅思阅读第092套P2-UNCOVERING THE TRUTH ABOUT GERMANY’S AUTOBAHNS

UNCOVERING THE TRUTH ABOUT GERMANY’S AUTOBAHNS

A

Officially the Bundesautobahnen, which, when translated, means federal expressways, we know them more commonly as the autobahns – Germany’s impressive system of motorways. There is nothing extraordinary about them, fine feats of engineering though they may be, so why has the term autobahn become so well known? The simple answer is that people living outside of Germany have had their curiosity more than a little tickled on account of the fact that Germany’s motorways are, in one specific way, very unique indeed. They are not the longest system in the world, this plaudit going to the Interstate Highway System of America, nor are they even second or third (China and India respectively), and though they come a healthy fourth in the length stakes, this is really neither here nor there. No, indeed, what fascinates us about the autobahns has nothing to do with their technical or design features. It is though, a lot to do with how fast you can go on them. The autobahns, you see, are the only stretch of motorway in the world on which you can drive your car (provided it is not towing a trailer) at, well, any speed you like. Now that’s a very attractive proposition for many boy-racers out there who would salivate at the prospect of being able to drive as fast as they wanted, and, therefore, on that rather scary point, perhaps we should consider asking the, well, obvious question: what on earth were the Germans thinking when they did this? Surely having no speed limit whatsoever is a recipe for disaster.

B

To clarify, there is a ‘recommended’ speed limit of 130km/h on all stretches of German motorway, and a hard limit is imposed on some vehicles. Buses carrying standing passengers and motorbikes pulling trailers cannot go faster than 60 km/h. All other buses, as well as passenger cars and trucks with trailers, and all vehicles weighing in excess of 3.5 tonnes are not allowed to exceed 80km/h. Rare exceptions include buses that have been officially certified to travel at 100km/h and passenger cars carrying trailers that have received similar certification. Nonetheless, the fact remains that all other cars, trucks and motorbikes, while encouraged to adhere to the ‘recommended’ speed limit, are by no means bound to it and can, in effect, travel as fast as they please. Indeed, many of them do and it is not uncommon to see a car racing past you on the autobahn travelling in excess of 140km/h.

C

In such circumstances, it would not be at all surprising to learn that Germany has an awful record on road safety, except that it doesn’t. Indeed, Germany’s road safety record is comparable, and in some cases superior, to that of all other industrialised European countries. So is this just luck rewarding recklessness? Well, first of all, it’s important to concede that speed limits do apply at junctions and other danger spots, such as sections under repair, and that there are even weather-related speed limits on some stretches of the autobahn (lower speed limits are used in cases of wet lanes). To fail to point this out would be to paint a picture, rather unfairly, of speed-hungry officials putting the travelling public in jeopardy on roads in order to gratify their own thrill-lust. Of course, this is not the case. Indeed, safety considerations aside, the Germans have even imposed speed limits for other purposes, such as to reduce pollution and noise on some stretches of the autobahn, so there is no crazy speed-fuelled agenda here. ‘Mad’ you may say, but the Germans actually seem to think this is safe.

D

And the statistics appear to back them up though. After all, the International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group’s research indicates that there are 2.2 road-user fatalities per billion vehicle kilometres on German autobahns each year. Using the same statistics, 4.5 fatalities occur on United States motorways each year. In fact, when you look beyond the myth of the motorway without speed limits, where drivers regularly clock up speeds in excess of 200km/h, and uncover the more sober reality, you realise that the German approach might not be so daft as it first seemed. For a start, only 2% of all traffic regularly travels on the unrestricted stretches of motorway as, despite the vast area they cover, they are strategically located in rural areas with low traffic volume. The other 98% of vehicles on the road do in fact have their speeds very strictly regulated, and these regulations are also heavily enforced. Speed cameras are everywhere and the motorways are patrolled by unmarked police cars ready to pull over speed offenders and reckless drivers. The Germans have also taken into consideration statistics which show that very few road accidents occur on motorways in low-volume traffic each year. In fact, these stretches of motorway offer up some of the safest driving conditions, statistically speaking, of all. The Germans have therefore reasoned that they don’t need to regulate rural motorways a great deal, and it would seem they are right.

E

Furthermore, the myth of limitless speed is also quite misleading. In reality, all German car manufacturers (and most international ones) keep to a gentlemen’s agreement whereby they limit the top speed of their cars to around 150 km/h for safety reasons as, unless tyre pressure is optimally maintained and cars are constantly serviced (as would happen, say, in motor racing), travelling at higher speeds than that is, well, extremely risky and can lead to blowouts and other physical and mechanical failures that have the potential to cause death. Therefore, the situation is a little different than we might have assumed because while there is no official speed limit in theory, car manufacturers self-regulate so, in practice, a limit on the maximum speed vehicles can travel at has been put in place. In addition, the few vehicles which are capable of clocking speeds in excess of 150km/h seldom get the opportunity (the time and space) to build up to these speeds on the German autobahns, and, if they do, well, the way the German government sees it, they might as well be driving that fast there rather than in the suburbs, so let them do it!

SECTION 2: QUESTIONS 14-26

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings (i-viii) below.

14 ___________ Paragraph A

15 ___________ Paragraph B

16 ___________ Paragraph C

17 ___________ Paragraph D

18 ___________ Paragraph E

Questions 19-23

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

19German road regulations state that

Aall vehicles must adhere to a recommended speed limit of 130km/h.

Bthe speed limit for all buses is 100km/h.

Cno trailer-carrying vehicle can travel at speeds in excess of 80km/h.

Dpassenger cars carrying trailers must not exceed a limit of 80km/h without prior approval.

20Special motorway speed limits

Aare sometimes imposed on all vehicles in difficult driving conditions.

Bnever apply to cars, trucks and motorcycles, which can travel at any speed, provided they are not towing a trailer.

C– like all speed limits in Germany – are only recommended maximum speeds, and are not enforceable in law.

Dare only seen at junctions and on stretches of motorway which need work.

21The section of the German motorway system which has no upper speed limit for some vehicles

Ais also that which sees the most volume of traffic.

Bis not a significant part of the system as a whole, only accounting for about 2% of the country’s motorways.

Cis, however, patrolled by unmarked police cars which monitor traffic flow.

Dreceives a comparatively small amount of the country’s overall traffic volume.

22German car manufacturers

Ahave a legal agreement to limit their vehicles’ speeds.

Bself-regulate to an extent when it comes to safety considerations.

Cimplement an unusual practice of limiting their vehicles’ fuel consumption.

Dregularly service their vehicles for safety purposes.

23What do you think is the writer’s view of the German approach to speed regulation?

AIt is irresponsible and reckless.

BIt initially appears baffling, but, on closer inspection, makes a lot of sense.

CIt is inadequate in cities and leaves a lot to be desired in rural areas.

DIt is over-reliant on self-regulation by manufacturers and even drivers themselves.

Questions 24-26

Complete the sentences.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

For cars operating at high speeds, it is necessary to maintain optimal tyre pressure and ensure that the vehicle is serviced regularly in order to combat the heightened risk of 24 _________________ failures.

In reality, due to the practice whereby 25 _________________, few vehicles have the capacity to travel at speeds in excess of 150km/h.

When it comes to vehicles which can and are determined to travel at very high speeds, 26 _________________ would rather they attempted to drive excessively fast on the parts of the motorway it deems safe than anywhere else.