雅思阅读第090套P3-Bismarck: A Master of Political and Diplomatic Juggling?

Bismarck: A Master of Political and Diplomatic Juggling?

A

Otto Von Bismarck’s rise up the political ladder was swift and relentless. Having entered parliament in 1847, he always harboured lofty ambitions, chief among them perhaps being the reunification of Germany into one strong, centrally controlled state, though his own personal thirst for power was arguably even stronger. On becoming Prussian Chancellor, he set about fulfilling his ambitions and in doing so proved himself to be a diplomat of some considerable skill. Victory in the Austro-Prussian war effectively ended Austria as a factor in German affairs. His political and military juggling was taken a step further when he orchestrated a situation where France declared war on Germany in 1.870, making the French seem responsible for a conflict he had always intended to create. And following another swift military triumph, this time over the French, the German empire was proclaimed in January 1871.

B

In little more than nine years, Bismarck realised his lifelong ambition, steering Germany to reunification. And by defeating Austria and France in quick succession, he also created a power vacuum on mainland Europe which he was determined to fulfill himself. This was another opportunity for Bismarck to demonstrate his political and diplomatic cunning. He set about creating a dictatorial Germany in which he, as head of the Prussian parliament, would automatically become chancellor of the German empire. He drafted a new German constitution to suit his own purposes and, despite maintaining a veneer of democracy, the German parliament was effectively powerless to oppose him. Provinces that were slow to support him were enticed with bribes and before long the German empire was his to command.

C

It is testament to his political skill that Bismarck achieved so much so quickly. At this point in his colourful political career he did appear, for all intents and purposes, a master of political and diplomatic juggling. But challenges lay ahead and Bismarck’s next target was the Catholic church, which he deemed too powerful and a threat to his political dominance. He proceeded to enact a series of laws which seriously eroded the power of the church. However, his plans backfired and Bismarck was forced to make a political U-turn. Though here again, he somehow managed to save face. The damage to his reputation was limited and indeed by the late 1870s he had even managed to win over the church whose support he now needed.

D

Bismarck viewed the growing popularity of the Socialist Democratic Party as a serious threat. He bided his time and used the attempted assassination of the Kaiser as an excuse to attack the socialists in 1878, blaming them for the attempt on the Kaiser’s life. He immediately arrested the leaders, banned party meetings and suppressed socialist newspapers. But despite his efforts to destroy the socialist movement, its popularity had trebled by 1890. Just as his interventions with the church had not gone as planned, Bismarck once again failed to achieve his objective; though, to his credit, he held on to power.

E

His domestic position was relatively secure after 1871, Bismarck devoted a lot of his time to foreign policy. Having used war to unite Germany and make her great, Bismarck now believed that his ambitions were best served by peace. His plan to isolate a hostile France would require all his considerable diplomatic skills. The Dreikaiserbund agreement of 1873 between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia was a first step towards doing just that. The Balkan crisis, a conflict involving Russia and Austria-Hungary, severely tested his diplomatic credentials, but his answer was to offer himself as an ‘honest broker’ to help resolve the dispute. The subsequent Congress of Berlin which he hosted was an outstanding success and only served to reinforce Bismarck’s reputation as a shrewd diplomat. Bismarck’s foreign policy would continue in this vein throughout his reign as Chancellor. He built up strategic alliances with the big powers, Russia, Italy and Austria-Hungary, in the hope that he could keep his main threats, France and Britain, isolated.

F

In truth, Bismarck’s reign as chancellor of the German empire does seem to confirm him as a shrewd and wily diplomat and politician, one whose objectives were broadly achieved. Does this mean his so-called juggling was a success? Perhaps, but Bismarck left a less than perfect legacy. He created a Germany in which the Kaiser had the ultimate say in domestic affairs and enjoyed far too much power should he choose to wield it. This meant that the future of the empire largely depended on the strength and character of just one man, the Kaiser. A weak Kaiser would be disastrous for the country’s welfare, and so it would soon prove. In the final analysts, Bismarck put Germany back on the map again as a great power during his reign, but we should not forget that he created the political situation that would be the downfall of his country in the end. His political and diplomatic juggling, therefore, simply cannot be considered a total success.

SECTION 3: QUESTIONS 27-40

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.

27In little more than nine years as Prussian Chancellor Bismarck had

Asucceeded in reuniting Germany and defeating Austria and France.

Bdivided his country and lost two wars.

Csucceeded in suppressing the Socialist party.

Dabolished the parliament.

28What happened after Bismarck enacted laws to weaken the Catholic church?

AHe changed his policy and made the church an ally.

BThe church’s influence weakened.

CFrance declared war on Germany.

DHe didn’t succeed and his influence was severely weakened.

29What had happened to the Socialist party by 1890?

AIt had taken power from Bismarck.

BIt had lost its influence.

CIts popularity had risen three-fold.

DIt became very powerful in the parliament.

30After reuniting Germany what was Bismarck’s belief on foreign policy?

AHe needed to wage war with all countries that posed a military threat.

BPreserving the peace and isolating France would benefit him.

CGermany needed to befriend France to form a powerful alliance.

DHe wanted to form an alliance with Britain and France.

31The article concludes that Bismarck

Amade few mistakes and left a positive legacy.

Bwas not at all successful.

Cwas always tolerant of those who had different opinions.

Dwas not actually a master of political juggling.

Questions 32-34

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In spaces 32-34 below, write:

32 _________________ The Congress of Berlin was a great personal success for Bismarck.

33 _________________ Bismarck refused to build alliances with Russia or Austria.

34 _________________ Bismarck considered his reign as German chancellor a failure.

Questions 35-40Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A – F.

Choose the correct heading, i – ix, from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i – ix, in spaces 35 – 40 below.

35 ____________ Paragraph A

36 ____________ Paragraph B

37 ____________ Paragraph C

38 ____________ Paragraph D

39 ____________ Paragraph E

40 ____________ Paragraph F