综合写作：
ETS TOEFL
Writing | Question 1 of 2
Around 90% of the world’s goods are transported over the oceans by cargo ships. Nowadays, ships run on a particularly dirty type of fuel—heavy fuel oil. When burned in ship engines, this fuel releases polluting emissions, such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere. According to new international standards aimed at reducing air pollution, shipping companies need to significantly cut their emissions in the coming years. Several renewable energy sources have been proposed to replace heavy fuel oil and thus help shipping companies meet the new standards.
Biofuel
One alternative is biofuel—a renewable fuel produced from plants, such as corn, soy, or sugarcane. Biofuel can be readily used in the existing ship engines and does not require any substantial engine modifications. Although biofuel production requires using a large amount of farmland, considerable advances in agricultural practices now allow farmers to grow enough crops for biofuel.
Hydrogen
Another potential energy source is a gas called hydrogen. Hydrogen can be used in a chemical process to produce electricity, and this electricity can provide power for ships. The chemical process does not produce any polluting emissions, which would help shipping companies meet the new standards. A few hydrogen-powered ships have already been put into operation around the world.
Wind
Finally, ships could make new use of an old resource—the wind. Sails can be installed on ship decks to capture wind, and the wind can be used to move ships forward. Thanks to technical innovations, today’s sails are made of more durable materials and are easier for a ship’s crew to manage. By using sails, ships could reduce their dependence on heavy fuel oil, which should result in reduced emissions as well.
学术写作：
Your professor is teaching a class on business management. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.
In your response, you should do the following.
- Express and support your opinion.
- Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.
Dr. Gupta
This week, we’ll be discussing ways in which schools can help expose their students (aged 5 – 18) to learning experiences beyond the classroom. Let’s begin by discussing one popular idea that some schools are considering – offering outdoor classes once a month. On the day of outdoor classes, students will be transported to local parks or nature preserves, and teachers can help students explore nature and learn about the environment. Do you think this is a good idea? Why or why not?
Kelly:
Having outdoor classes once a month seems like an exciting way of providing students with interesting hands – on experiences. However, I don’t think these classes would be a worthwhile use of instructional time and school resources. These classes could put substantial pressure on the school’s financial resources and on teachers, who may have to redesign their lesson plans.
Paul:
On the other hand, outdoor classes can increase students’ motivation to learn about the interconnectedness of the natural world. These classes could provide great opportunities to teach students about pressing environmental issues, such as pollution, and ways to address these problems. It would deepen their understanding beyond what books alone could achieve and would be time well spent.
